The Debate About Abortion And Abortion - 1709 Words

The practice of abortion is an issue that has sparked controversy for many years. One of the initial problems that lead to the debate about abortion is the fact that, the definition of the term abortion varies from one field to another. The controversy arises because the language used to describe abortion â€Å"is a reflection of the societal beliefs of the people in that area† (McFarlane Meier 65). Generally, the World Health Organization defines abortion as induced or spontaneous termination of pregnancy before the fetus is due for birth. The issue of abortion causes a two-sided divide where those who support cite the reason for their support as the mother of the fetus should have a right to choose what happens and does not happen to their†¦show more content†¦Finally, I will present an argument that shows that banning of abortion as it is; without first removing ambiguity in its definition and also clearly stating the parameters for its indulgences will be unethic al. According to McFarlane Meier (65), â€Å"the concept of abortion dates back to 500A.D among the Greeks and Egyptians and as early as then†, abortion presented a moral dilemma to the people who were at logger s heads as to when a fetus becomes a human being with its rights. The issue of pregnancy is dependent on some external factors that may also affect one s decision on whether to undertake an abortion or not. Some of these factors may include; a woman s age, her economic status, circumstances under which she got pregnant and her cultural background. For instance, a woman who has already finished school and has a job and comes from a more liberal or western culture is more likely to keep a pregnancy that she had not planned for unlike her counterpart who faces the opposite of the situation. The concept of abortion gained momentum in the 1960s during the first wave of feminism. During this time, women were fighting for the right to decide whether or not they should get pregn ant. In 1973, the law took a new turn in regards to abortion after the case of Roe v, Wade. Jane Roe won a lawsuit against the state of Texas after she was gangShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Abortion Debate1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are few issues that can cause as many heated and sometimes, irrational, debates than that of abortion. The issue strikes at the very heart of an individuals religious and philosophical beliefs. Does a woman have the right to terminate a pregnancy? Is it moral to do so in any circumstance? Is a fetus a living human being? The debate has raged for nearly thirty years and there does not seem to be any end to the controversy that often results in violence. Irrational individualsRead MoreEssay about The Abortion Debate706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are all kinds of people in the world, and we all have different opinions. In this report I am discussing abortion. You will read about the pros and cons of this subject. Some people think that abortion is wrong; they think that abortion is the killing of innocent children. Other people believe that the unborn child is not actually a human until it takes its first breath of air. Many people think that having an abortion is in a way, murderRead MoreAbortion And The Second Presidential Debate Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pageshave chosen to write about abortion and its role in the third presidential debate of 2016. To begin, we need to understand abortion and how it is received in the United States before we try to understand how the current candidates addressed abortion. Abortion has been a hot button topic in the United States since Roe vs. Wade in 1973 when criminalizing abortion was considered unconstitutional under the Due Process clause of the 14th amendment. 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The conflict between two sides of abortion has occurred ever since 1960s and early 1970s due to Roe v. Wade case. â€Å"In Roe v. Wade (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court stated that abortion bans were unconstitutional in every state, legalizing abortion throughoutRead MoreAbortion : Legal Or Illegal?953 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Legal or Illegal? To this day, the debate on whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans. The name of this article is, â€Å"Should Abortion be Legal?† written by ProCon.org. Pro-choice and pro-life are the two opposing sides. Pro-choice is the pro-abortion group, and pro-life is the anti-abortion group. The two sides disagree about whether the rights of the woman or the fetus are more important, and they also disagree about the impacts on women’s health and on societyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion771 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is one of the biggest controversial debates in society. Abortion is the termination of a human pregnancy. It can lead to many complications for a lot of people. It can also have long term effects emotionally on the mother, father, and family after the abortion is complete. It is very common today because many young women get pregnant at such a young age and believe that they are not capable of having a child. Abortion has al ways been a common debate usually based on beliefs of individualsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion714 Words   |  3 Pages Currently in the United States, abortion among many other topics is controversial and causes an uproaring due to the many divergent opinions. The argument behind abortion in America is that when a woman goes and follows through with the procedure, it is viewed as murder in the eyes of many. Religious groups tend to lean towards anti-abortion, and see abortion as a ‘sin’ due to their beliefs, which causes unavoidable debates. Roe v. Wade (1973) occurred at a time when women were fighting for theirRead MoreAbortion And The Politics Of Motherhood1556 Words   |  7 PagesIn this this political science paper I will go into depth on the book Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood to discuss Kristen Luker’s central argument about why people are prolife and prochoice today. Some argue that the central disagreement between prochoice and prolife activist is when life actually begins. As the argument goes, if the country could agree on when that occurs then the argument over abortion would end. I’m going to discuss Luker’s central argument first then demonstrate my knowledgeRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Topic Around The Globe940 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion is a highly controversial topic around the globe, mostly because of the moral issues it brings forward based on people’s philosophies and religion. A significant part of the population, called pro-life, consider abortion a s murdering a living child and hence, are against abortion. Another group of people, called pro-choice, believe that the parents, particularly women, have the choice to do anything with their body and have the right to decide whether or not to keep the child. They may

The Conceptual Boundaries Of Descartes Essay - 2181 Words

Introduction This paper examines the conceptual boundaries that Descartes established that define what he determined to be the human mind. These conceptual boundaries are relatively high in character ensuring that, according to Descartes, there exists a firm line between what determines a human mind versus a purely physical entity such as an animal. However, this examination extends the argument further into the realm of mechanical entities as well as artificial intelligence (AI). The analysis is meant to determine if contemporary technology has managed to achieve or surpass the arbitrary standards established by Descartes vis-à  -vis what constitutes a mind or soul. The argument, in this instance, is that contemporary technology has developed what Descartes would have classified as a mind in the form of AI, which exceeds Descartes’ minimum standards. Descartes’ Demarcation The metaphorical line that Descartes establishes that determines the division between what constitutes a human mind from a non-human entity is quite clear. Descartes expends considerable effort in explaining that the human mind is, above all, self-aware. For instance, in the course lectures it is noted that Descartes believes that when an entity, primarily a person, asserts that it exists to itself, then this in and of itself establishes a precedence of mind (Descartes’, 2016, p.19). Such a precedent demonstrates a fundamental belief about oneself that rises above external observation butShow MoreRelatedBarbara Kruger : Art History Archive1398 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Art History Archive, Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist born in Newark, New Jersey in 1945. She attended Syracuse University in 1964 where her interests in graphic design, poetry, and writing developed. 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Perhaps the main reason for this extreme disparity is the complexity of integrating logistics operations between ï ¬ rms as well as within ï ¬ rm boundaries while bringing to bear appropriate information technologies. Successful supply chain management requires eï ¬â‚¬ective management of strategic alliances (Monczka et al., 1998; Whipple and Frankel, 2000) as well as extensive data management capabilities

Determining Activation Energy Free Essays

Activation energy of a reaction Mengyuan Wu IB Chem HL Richard Forster March 20, 2013 Introduction: In this experiment, a reduction of peroxodisulphate (VI) ions by iodine ions is investigated. Solution of 10cm3 of K2S2O8, potassium peroxodisulphate, represented as ‘Solution A’. Mixture of 5cm3 of KI (Potassium iodide solution), and 5 cm3 of Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulphate solution), and 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Activation Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5cm3 of starch solution is considered as ‘Solution B’. Solution A and B are mixed together under different temperatures to show a â€Å"clock† reaction. Observation: Table 1: Raw Quantitative Data of Temperature and Time from the Experiment Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| Temperature of Solution A ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Temperature of Solution B ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Time Taken| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 30| 31. 0| 31. 0| 3:10:34| 191| 35| 36. 0| 33. 5| 2:11:83| 132| 40| 40. 0| 38. 0| 1:37:24| 97| 45| 46. 0| 45. 5| 1:12:83| 73| 50| 51. 0| 51. 0| 0:52:40| 53| Qualitative: Before: Solution A: clear colorless solutions; Solution B: clear colorless solution During: Both solution A and B reached (or close to) a fixed temperature and mixed together form a clear colorless solution reaction time: one or few section of the solution turned clear light purple opaque purple, then the section expand to the entire solution speedily within a second the purple opaque solution gradually turn to a darker purple color After: Dark purple-black colored opaque solution Processing and Presenting Data: Table 2: Uncertainty of the Apparatus Used in the Experiment Equipment| Uncertainty| Explanation| Stopwatch| Seconds ±1 second| The actual uncertainty of the stopwatch is millisecond, shown in the column ‘Time Taken’ in Table 1. However, there are human reaction uncertainties when receiving the change in color in the actual experiment, so that particular uncertainty is presented by  ±1 second| 50cm3 Burette for K2S2O8, KI, and Na2S2O3| cm3 ±0. 02cm30. 02% for each solution| Initial Reading ( ±0. 1cm3) + Final reading ( ±0. 1cm3) = volume used ( ±0. cm3) for every solution measured in mixture A or B| 10mL Measuring Cylinder for starch solution| mL ±0. 2mL| | Thermometer|  °C ±1. 0 °C| Mixture A and B both have separate (but relatively close) temperature with uncertainty of  ±0. 5 °C each, after the average of the two the uncertainty doubles| Table 3: Processed date for temperature and time Average Temperature of the reaction ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| P roceed Temperature (K ±1. 0K)| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 31. 0| 304. 0| 191| 35. 0| 308. 0| 132| 39. 0| 312. 0| 97| 46. 0| 319. 0| 73| 51. 0| 324. 0| 53| Table 4: Processed data for Graphing ln 1t (3 sig fig)| 1T (K)(4 sig fig)| -5. 25| 0. 003289| -4. 88| 0. 003246| -4. 57| 0. 003205| -4. 29| 0. 003134| -3. 97| 0. 003086| ln 1t=lnK (Proportional) t= Time T= Temperature (in K) Graph1: Calculation: Values: Table 4: Calculation to Process Temperature: | | Calculation 1: Average Temperature ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| Calculation 2: Temperature in K (K ±1. 0K)| | Formula| Temp. of A+Temp. of B2| Temp. in  °C+273| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| 31. 0+31. 02=31. 0| 31. 0+273=304. 0| | 35| 36. 0+33. 52=34. 75? 35. 0| 35. +273=308. 0| | 40| 40. 0+38. 02=39. 0| 39. 0+273=312. 0| | 45| 46. 0+45. 52=45. 75? 46. 0| 46. 0+273=319. 0| | 50| 51. 0+51. 02=51. 0| 51. 0+273=324. 0| Table 5: Calculation for Graphing Data | Calculation 3:ln 1t| Calculation 4:1T(K)| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| ln1191? -5. 25| 1304? 0. 003289| | 35| ln1132? -4. 88| 1308? 0. 003246| | 40| ln197? -4. 57| 1312? 0. 003205| | 45| ln173? -4. 29| 1319? 0. 003134| | 50| ln153? -3. 97| 1324? 0. 003086| Calculation 5 (Activation Energy): lnk= -EaR ? 1T+lnA y = m(slope) x + c R=8. 314 Jmol-1K-1(Diploma) Data from Graph 1: y = -6045. 3x + 14. 705 -6045. 3 = -EaR Ea=8. 314 ? 6045. 3 =50260. 6242 J =50. 2606242 KJ Random Errors: Calculation 6: (%Random Error for Average Temperature of the Reaction) Average temperature of the reaction K  ± 1. 0 K (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1. 0304. 0+1. 0308. 0+1. 0312. 0+1. 0319. 0+1. 0324. 0? 100 ? 1. 596% Calculation 7: (%Random Error for Time) Time Taken Seconds  ± 1 Second (estimated human reaction time) (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1191+1132+197+173+153? 100? 5. 569% Calculation 8: (% Random Error for Solutions) Random Error for K2S2O8+KI+ Na2S2O3+Starch 0. 02%? 3+0. 22. 5? 100 ? 8. 06% Calculation 8: (Total % Random Error) % Error=1. 596%+5. 569%+8. 06% =15. 225%=20% (one sig. fig. ) Final Answer: Calculation 9: (Final Answer) 50. 2606242 KJ  ±20% 50. 2606242 KJ =50. 3 KJ (3 sig. fig. smallest sig. fig. in calculation) 50. 2606242 KJ? 0. 2? 10. 052 KJ=10KJ (one sig. fig. ) Experimental Result: 50. 3 KJ  ±10KJ 50. 3 KJ  ±20% Work Cited: Di ploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet. 2nd ed. Cardiff: International Baccalaureate Organization, 2008. 6. Print. How to cite Determining Activation Energy, Essay examples

Cerebral Oedema in Paediatric Patients-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cerebral Oedema in Paediatric Patients. Answer: Cerebral Oedema Cerebral oedema is a condition which is life threatening which develops from an inflammatory reaction. In this condition there is an excess accumulation of fluid in the spaces of brain. Its symptoms include vomiting, nausea, difficulty in vision, unconsciousness and in extreme cases it may cause coma. In this condition the cerebrospinal fluid breaks down the barrier and starts to accumulate in the brain. The alteration in the metabolism cause brain cells to hold on the fluid the dilute the blood plasma causing the excessive water to accumulate in the brain (Watts Edge, 2014). The treatment of cerebral oedema includes these following ways: Osmotherapy by Mannitol Diuretics used to decrease the fluid volume Corticosteroids for suppressing the immune system Using of hypertonic saline solution Elevation of bed head Surgical decompression. Here in this assignment there is a description about two of those strategies and given point to discuss about the treatments: A description, rationale and evidence to support the treatment strategy. Goals and complications of the treatment. Considerations and implications for nursing practice Treatment strategies for cerebral oedema Giving of IV Mannitol / 3%hypertomic solution to patient with Cerebral Oedema before the happening of respiratory failure. Description, rationale and evidence The most fast and effective way to decreasing fluid from brain is osmotic therapy. Mannitol is the most used osmotic agent which decreases intra cranial pressure and increases CBF. Mannitol decreases the volume of brain by reducing the fluid content of the brain. Mannitol also improves the cerebral perfusion by reducing the viscosity and altering the red blood cell Rheology. It is also used to protect from the effects of the biochemical injury (Scott, et al. 2013). There are some evidences that proves that low dose of Mannitol is effective which is having less chance of hyper-osmolar problems, that is caused by high-dose therapy. At first 1.0g/kg dose of mannitol is given, later it was increased and 50g is given after every 2-3 hours. Goals and complications of the treatment The use of mannitol is aimed for plasma osmolality along with the maintenance of the volume of plasma. But prolonged use may cause an electrolyte imbalance in the human body. If high doses of Mannitol is are infused in the patients with renal failure then Mannitol if retained in the blood (Stokum, Gerzanich, Simard, 2016). This statement is proved by a study of 45 patients who were treated with Mannitol for many days. It was found that only one patient was detected with potassium more than normal and 22 patients developed hypokalemia that is potassium content in serum low than the range (Garcia et al. 2014). Implications of mannitol Mannitol decreases blood viscosity, CBF unchanged while Cerebral Blood volume (CBV) and Intracranial Pressure (ICP) decrease. Mannitol also reduces ICP by reducing cerebral parenchymal cell water, total effect takes 20-30min. Eventually Mannitol enters Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and increases ICP. 3% hypertonic solution Hypertonic saline is a solution contains sodium chloride (NaCl). The most common preparations used are 2%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 23% NaCl. HTS plays an important role for the prevention and treatment of the effects of effects of brain oedema (Doyle et al., 2001). Goal and complications The 3% HTS is mainly used for decreasing the intracranial pressure (ICP) by releasing excess fluid from brain. It is further associated by inducing of osmotic agents intravenously which increases the osmosis of serum. This results in the shrinkage of brain that effectively reduces intracranial pressure. The continuous infusion of 3% HTS can cause rebounding in oedema. It also causes the disruption of blood-brain barrier which happens due to the shrinkage of the endothelial cells. The continuous infusion of 7.5% saline solution leads to excessive neuron death Implications Blood is a hypertonic solution that contains higher sodium concentration whether cerebral tissue, has a lower sodium concentration. The flow of excess water from cerebral tissue set up an osmotic gradient from cerebral tissue to the blood. Osmosis is cause by the movement of water through the concentration gradient passively. In this process the water moves from lower level to the areas of higher cncengtration (Feig McCurdy, 1977). Elevation of bed head Description, rationale and evidence The elevation of the head of bed (HOB) to a semi-CBV recumbent position (at least 30 degrees) is associated with a decreased incidence cerebral oedema. The intervention is supported clinical guidelines, and the publications in the field accept HOB elevation as an effective, low-cost, and low-risk intervention (Schallom et al., 2015). The elevation of bed head technique is the frequently used technique for cerebral oedema it is used to minimize the venous outflow. Evidences show that with the help of elevation of the bed head to 30, there is a reduction in ICP without any changes occurring in CPP or CBF. When the head is elevated the blood pressure from the head is lowered which is the safest for most of the patients. Goals and complications of the treatment Elevation of the bed head technology is an effective method for reducing oedema. Studies suggested that the semi horizontal position of lying decreases blood pressure from the brain. The elevation of the bed head to 30 helps in improving the jugular venous outflow and lowering the ICP. In the patients suffering from hypovolaemia, this process will help in reducing the blood pressure and a complete diminishing of cerebral perfusion pressure (DeCourcey et al., 2013). It has been reviewed that nine RCTs and two studies to evaluate the role of body positioning on the elevated bed head. There is a review which summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors associated with cerebral oedema and provide evidence-based recommendations for preventions. Review recommends the use of continuous backrest elevation of 3045 degrees as an early prevention measure for cerebral oedema in the emergency department. Implications of bed head elevation Head bed elevation might prevent the chances of spreading of infection in the brain by elevating the head of the bed. The semi-recumbent position is the best method to prevent the cerebral oedema in extremely ill adult patients who requires mechanical support ventilation. It has been also investigated that 30 is the best angle of elevation of bed head in a semi-recumbent position. There are evidences from eight studies involving 759 participants demonstrated that a semi-recumbent (30 to 60) position reduced clinically suspected cerebral oedema by 25.7% when compared to a 0 to 10 supine position (Pool et al., 2015). Oxygen mask Description, rationale and evidence A non-rebreathing mask is having three unidirectional valves. One valve is located on each side of the mask to permit the ventilation of the exhaled gases. The third unidirectional valve is situated between the mask and the reservoir bag and prevents exhaled gases from entering the bag. Evidences show that, patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure were treated in the emergency department first with a non-rebreathing mask. Goals and complications Its aim is to enable the delivery of high concentrations of oxygen and is recommended for use in patients who are critically ill. Complications Dry gas may have different side effects on the respiratory system. Breathing of dry air cause excessive water loss by the nasal mucosa, which might reduce the nasal mucoclliary clearance rate or adhesiveness of nasal mucus and/or slowing of ciliary pulses. Implications During inspiration the use of the oxygen reservoir bag prevents the oxygen loss which helps to increase the oxygen concentration. It is important to make sure that the amount of oxygen flow rate is maintained so that oxygen reservoir bag does not collapse during inspiration. Some non-rebreathing masks are made up of elasticated ear loop bands. These masks are mainly used for trauma patients as they dont need to move the head References Nissenson, A. R., Weston, R. E., Kleeman, C. R.. Mannitol. Western Journal of Medicine, 131(4), 277. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1271822/pdf/westjmed00242-0017.pdf Picetti, E., Iaccarino, C., Servadei, F. (2017). Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery, nyx086. https://braintrauma.org/uploads/07/04/Guidelines_for_the_Management_of_Severe_Traumatic.97250__2_.pdf Peng, Y., Liu, X., Wang, A., Han, R. (2014). The effect of mannitol on intraoperative brain relaxation in patients undergoing supratentorial tumor surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 15(1), 165. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4018619/ Yildizdas, D., Altunbasak, S., Celik, U., Herguner, O. (2016). Hypertonic saline treatment in children with cerebral edema. Indian pediatrics, 43(9), 771-779. https://medind.nic.in/ibv/t06/i9/ibvt06i9p771.pdf Mangat, H. S., Chiu, Y. L., Gerber, L. M., Alimi, M., Ghajar, J., Hrtl, R. (2015). Hypertonic saline reduces cumulative and daily intracranial pressure burdens after severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurosurgery, 122(1), 202-210. https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2014.10.JNS132545 Kukreti, V., Mohseni-Bod, H., Drake, J. (2014). Management of raised intracranial pressure in children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of pediatric neurosciences, 9(3), 207. https://medind.nic.in/icb/t10/i12/icbt10i12p1409.pdf Schallom, M., Dykeman, B., Metheny, N., Kirby, J., Pierce, J. (2015). Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(1), 57-66. https://www.aacn.org/docs/cemedia/A152401.pdf Shahriari, A., Khooshideh, M., Heidari, M. (2014). Diseases treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy; a literature review. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery Innovation Interdisciplinary Sciences Journal, 1(1). file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/153-230-1-SM.pdf

Manipulation In Animal Farm Essays - British Films, Cold War Films

Manipulation in Animal Farm Manipulation in Animal Farm The easy manipulation of human nature is illustrated in "Animal Farm" The Pigs of Animal Farm repetidly abused the animals. Because of their lack of intelligence and strength the animals became victims of the pigs. The easy manipulationof human nature is illustrated in "Animal Farm" A. The animals weren't strong enough to compete with the stronger pigs. 1. Napoleon's dogs killed many of the animals, "the remaining animals, except for the pigs and dogs, crept away in a body" (p. 837). 2. The pigs trained the sheep to stop the animals from speaking, "they might have uttered some word of protest...all the sheep burst out into a tremendous bleating"(p. 852). 3. Mr. Pilkington said "they have lower classes, and pigs have lower animals" (p. 854). 4. The pigs strength wasn't the only advantage they had over the animals. B. Many of the animals didn't have enough education to know what happened on the farm. 1. Only a few animals knew the alphabet, "none of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A" most didn't even know their names (p. 819). 2. Boxer couldn't remember but a few letters, "Boxer could not get beyond the letter D" (p. 819). 3. The animals needed other animals to read for them, "Benjamin consented to break his rule, and he read out to her what was written" (p. 853). 4. Because of the lack of intelligence the animals could easily be vitimized. C. The farm animals didn't realize they were being manipulated. 1. Squelar claimed the farm was better off than in Jones's day, "he had no difficulty in proving to the other animals that they awere better off" (p.845). 2. Boxer was sent to the slaughterer, Squelar tricked the animals into believing otherwise, "his little eyes darted sucpiciously" (p. 849). 3. The animals didn't realize the pigs had changed the commandments, "Clover had not remembered that the fourth commandment mentioned sheets" (p. 832) 4. Napoleon and the pigs easily tricked and lied to the animals without their knowledge. D. The pigs from the beginning to the end used force to overpower the farm animals. 1. Squelars speaches and convincing arguments kept the animals from knowing to much. 2. Training the sheep and using other tactics left the animals powerless to stop the pigs, as long as the pigs kept up their lies. 3. I disliked the pigs, Napoloen showed what can happen with absolute power.

Carbon Family - Element Group 14

Carbon Family - Element Group 14 One way to classify elements is by family. A family consists of homologous element with atoms having the same number of valence electrons and thus similar chemical properties. Examples of element families are the nitrogen family, oxygen family, and carbon family. Key Takeaways: Carbon Family of Elements The carbon family consists of the elements carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl).Atoms of elements in this group have four valence electrons.The carbon family is also known as the carbon group, group 14, or the tetrels.Elements in this family are of key importance for semiconductor technology. What Is the Carbon Family? The carbon family is element group 14 of the periodic table. The carbon family consists of five elements: carbon, silicon, germanium, tin,  and lead. It is likely that element 114, flerovium, will also behave in some respects as a member of the family. In other words, the group consists of carbon and the elements directly below it on the periodic table. The carbon family is located very nearly in the middle of the periodic table, with nonmetals to its right and metals to its left. The carbon family is also called the carbon group, group 14, or group IV. At one time, this family was called the tetrels or tetragens because the elements belonged to group IV or as a reference to the four valence electrons of atoms of these elements. The family is also called the crystallogens. Carbon Family Properties Here are some facts about the carbon family: Carbon family elements contain atoms that have 4 electrons in their outer energy level. Two of these electrons are in the s subshell, while 2 are in the p subshell. Only carbon has the s2 outer configuration, which accounts for some of the differences between carbon and other elements in the family.As you move down the periodic table in the carbon family, the atomic radius and ionic radius increase while electronegativity and  ionization energy decrease.  Atom size increases moving down the group because an additional electron shell is added.Element density increases moving down the group.The carbon family consists of one nonmetal (carbon), two metalloids (silicon and germanium), and two metals (tin and lead). In other words, the elements gain metallicity moving down the group.These elements are found in a wide variety of compounds. Carbon is the only element in the group that can be found pure in nature.The carbon family elements have widely variable physical and chemical proper ties.Overall, the carbon family elements are stable and tend to be fairly unreactive. The elements tend to form covalent compounds, though tin and lead also form ionic compounds.Except for lead, all of the carbon family elements exist as different forms or allotropes. Carbon, for example, occurs in diamond, graphite, fullerene, and amorphous carbon allotropes. Tin occurs as white tin, gray tin, and rhombic tin. Lead is only found as a dense blue-gray metal.Group 14 (carbon family) elements have much higher melting points and boiling points than the group 13 elements. Melting and boiling points in the carbon family tend to decrease moving down the group, mainly because atomic forces within the larger molecules are not as strong. Lead, for example, has such a low melting point that its easily liquefied by a flame. This makes it useful as a base for solder. Uses of Carbon Family Elements and Compounds The carbon family elements are important in daily life and in industry. Carbon is the basis for organic life. Its allotrope graphite is used in pencils and rockets. Living organisms, proteins, plastics, food, and organic building materials all contain carbon. Silicones, which are silicon compounds, are used to make lubricants and for vacuum pumps. Silicon is used as its oxide to make glass. Germanium and silicon are important semiconductors. Tin and lead are used in alloys and to make pigments. Carbon Family - Group 14 - Element Facts C Si Ge Sn Pb melting point ( °C) 3500 (diamond) 1410 937.4 231.88 327.502 boiling point ( °C) 4827 2355 2830 2260 1740 density (g/cm3) 3.51 (diamond) 2.33 5.323 7.28 11.343 ionization energy (kJ/mol) 1086 787 762 709 716 atomic radius (pm) 77 118 122 140 175 ionic radius (pm) 260 (C4-) 118 (Sn2+) 119 (Pb2+) usual oxidation number +3, -4 +4 +2, +4 +2, +4 +2, +3 hardness (Mohs) 10 (diamond) 6.5 6.0 1.5 1.5 crystal structure cubic (diamond) cubic cubic tetragonal fcc Source Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Modern Chemistry (South Carolina). Harcourt Education, 2009.

Parthenon as a Paradigm for Current Practice In Australia Thesis

Parthenon as a Paradigm for Current Practice In Australia - Thesis Example This essay stresses that the ancient Greeks used to regard the Athenians highly. The culture was accommodating for the Metz, and other foreigners. They were not allowed to vote, or to take an active part in the religious festivals of the Athenians. The Greeks made a distinction between the people who did not belong from Athens and those who were born and bred in Athens. The foreigners were not granted equal rights as that of their Athenian counterparts and were also tortured to bear witness in the judiciary. This paper makes a conclusion that the Parthenon is an epitome of what the Greek considered to be the height of their spiritual and cultural values. It is has symbolizes the art and culture of the Greek. It has served as a civic center, museum and mosque for civilizations of the past and so is representative of the values of different cultures that have inhabited it. It connects people of various cultures from all over the world. The Parthenon is a symbol of unity and harmony. It reflects the ideologies and ideals of the Greek way of life. The ideals were centered on the Greek’s reverence for the Gods and so represent the purity of their feelings for them. The Parthenon serves as a model in the search for pure forms and archaic simplicity and is feeds on the spiritual desires of people who believe in the Divine. For Australians, this message is of great importance. They should know that they are connected with people from all over the world, no matter what their cast, color an d creed is, and should reflect the ideals of humanity in their conduct.

Overview of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry Essay

Overview of the Hospitality and Tourism Industry - Essay Example ges such as regulatory issues, social concerns, competitive issues, and / or demographic and geographic issues associated with managing a restaurant operation in the State of Maryland. The Maryland government has stricter legal policies on food quality control and staffing. The Food Quality Assurance program implemented by the government poses serious threats to the successful operation of restaurant in Maryland. In addition, Maryland regulators have framed burdensome employment laws that would notably reduce the profitability of restaurant operations in the State. In order to address the regulatory issues better, it is advisable for the organization to become a member of the Restaurant Association of Maryland (RAM), which is committed to guiding its members in managing lawsuits and other regulatory concerns effectively. Today’s people are increasingly concerned about social issues like environmental pollution, global warming, climate change, and poor health. It is evident tha t restaurant operations contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions, which is a major issue contributing to ozone layer depletion thereby global warming and climate change. Since modern consumers are really aware of the significance of environmental sustainability, they would not support a restaurant business that does not focus on environmental safety. In addition, today consumers are greatly interested to know how businesses execute their corporate social responsibilities. The organization can address this challenge effectively by becoming a socially responsible corporate citizen. Considering the growing scope of hospitality and tourism industry, many new market players have started restaurant operations, and this situation in turn adds to the degree of competitive rivalry. The organization can successfully handle the issue of intense market competition by emphasizing particularly on innovation and efficiency. Finally demographic and geographic issues also raise some pote ntial

Microsoft Windows 7 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Microsoft Windows 7 - Research Paper Example Data indicate that Windows 7 helped Microsoft to increase its market share to some extent although some users are dissatisfied with the features of this new version operating system. It offers a number of packages including Starter, Home basic, Home premium, Enterprise, Ultimate, and Professional. The company is using a distinct marketing strategy to promote the sales of Windows 7. This paper will analyze the various feature of Windows 7 on the ground of its market strengths and supply chain management. MS Windows 7 Microsoft Windows 7 was released on 22nd July 2009. It is interesting to note that the company made Windows 7 available to general retail outlets within less than three years after the launch of its predecessor, Windows Vista. By the release of Windows 7, the company aimed to be more compatible with numerous other technologically developed applications and hardware. This new operating system focuses on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with a Superbar, and a home networking system named HomeGroup (Microsoft Windows, para: 3-5). It contains several measures to promote performance improvements. It must be noted that some standard applications included in the previous versions of MS Windows including Windows Movie Maker, Windows Mail, Windows Photo Gallery are excluded in Windows 7. Microsoft has added numerous new features to Windows 7 including handwriting recognition, virtual hard disk support, improved multi-core processors and boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernel modifications; and in addition to this, a new version of Windows Media Center, highly developed media features, and a new calculator with multiple capabilities have been added to Windows 7(InfoWorld). Similarly, Windows 7 is characterized with notable Control Panel feature changes. It integrates improved features such as Display Color Calibration Wizard, Recovery, Gadgets, Workspaces Center, Credential Manager, ClearTye Text Tuner, System Icons, Biometric Services, and Location and Other Sensors to Control Panel; and the addition of Windows Imaging Component enables Windows 7 to support images produced in the RAW image format. Significant changes to taskbar functions have been also made (InfoWorld). This product strictly complies with US and European antitrust regulations and provides users with safe internet browsing options. Following the launch of Windows 7, the company got exciting response from the market. Within 8 hours of Windows 7 launch, its pre-orders at amazon.co.uk surpassed the number of those had with Windows Vista in its first 17 weeks. It became the highest pre-order level in the history of Amazon, breaking the record of seventh Harry Potter book. Windows 7 took only less than three weeks to reach a 4% market share whereas its predecessor Windows Vista took nearly seven months to achieve the same. As of 23rd April 2010, Microsoft sold more than 100 million Windows 7 operating systems across the globe and the sales volume grew to 5 25 million copies by 19th January 2012. Reviews of Windows 7 reflect increased usability and functionality as its major advantages attracting users. The CNET rated Windows 7 Home Premium 4.5 out of 5 stars whereas it was rated 4 out of 5 by the PC Magazine. The CNET stated that â€Å"it is more that what Vista should have been, [and] it is where Microsoft needed to go† (â€Å"The City is Alive†, para: 5). Another catching feature of Windows 7 is

Research Paper Into Acne

Research Paper Into Acne Acne is a common skin condition, inflammatory skin or disease characterized by pimples on the face, chest, and back. It occurs when the pores of the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria. That will show the type of acne, how the different creams and meds that people use plus the side effects (That will make a difference to others). Lindsay and Kayee both used acne cleanser and moisturizers to cure their acne (Which worked on both of them). They both said that after many years or so, their skin cleared up. The difference was though was Lindsay also used jojoba oil that she mixed with the moisturized, which is on her drier days (Especially in the evenings).Kayee just cleanser and moisturizer. Even though she couldnt believe it and said Its not a fluke. It toke the amazing difference of it. Both girls also said they stop using makeup because it kills the skin and gives it a lot of acne and so on. I think that almost every girl stop using makeup ever since they found a way to clean their skin. Also, as you can tell too that a lot of woman dont seem to think right away when using acne cream (Im not saying that they are stupid) because whatever they seem to pick, it doesnt have Benzoyl Peroxide. BP is a type of a chemical incorporated into the polymer of resins to aid in the initiation of polymerization. Its also an antibacterial, keratolytic drying agent prescribed in the treatment of acne. It doesnt hurt your skin as much but more tickles but it also depends on the person because it might either irritate the skin or etc. I been through acne also and I still have. How I know this because I been to the doctors and I had from creams to pills and it dont work much (Even the pill who made me sick). So I went to proactive and its been helping slowly. Let just be thankful that some of us dont have skin diseases and so on because the skin disease is the more prevalent that affects nearly 17 million people in the United States. Its called acne vulgarism or just common acne. Still, that wouldnt be fun with that and trying to figure out from how you got it to etc. Anyways, did you know that nearly 85% of young people develop acne at sometime between ages 12-25 years? Which usually beings at puberty then worsen during the most occurring of ages 14-18. However, acne can come at any age from newborns to older adults. Its more common and severe in males than females. And also true that people continue to have acne outbreaks well into adulthood. Not that Im surprised about the acne continuing still, even trying to get rid of it, you still get more no matter. But also, males have more effected of this problem more than females. Yet, I see more females with acne problems more than males. Well, it does seem my guessing was wrong but also, its sometimes (not all) right about it. But also, people are different and get it when they get it. But how do we know how it develops? Well acne originates in the oil or sebaceous glands that lie beneath the surface of the skin. These glands that produce oil and are called sebum are the skins natural moisturizer. That helps preserve the flexibility of the hair. This shows the most common of acne places (except for the face) is really the chest, shoulders and back. That has the most sebaceous follicles which are opened into the skin that goes through pores, allowing sebum to reach the hair and skin surface. The worse type of acne only occurs when the follicles that are infected continue to enlarge (Without any rupturing, nodules, and cysts). Other acne or microorganisms can be involved also like acne vulgarism that can affect a womans face. Also no inflammatory like white and black heads. White and black heads are quite similar but mostly different because white heads have this plugged follicle that begins to bulge as a small whitish bump, which is underneath the skin mostly. For black heads, if the comedo opens up, the top surface of the plug darkens as its exposed to the air. Acne isnt a serious health threat. It just causes negatively that causes appearance from teens mostly because of social or etc. Its also permanent in scarring wise but still, we all go through it. Even though there are creams and meds that can cure some of this stuff or maybe all. They are like millions of creams, moisturizers, etc to make all your acne go away. You just need to find the right one and see how it goes. The ones I see a lot or mostly in commercials is proactive and Clearasil that been advertised. There are probably more than those two that are shown around. But still, they are like the only ones (Well except for the one the dermatologist gave me plus the pills) that I used so far that helped my skin. Proactive is definably better because it has helped me plus it gives you the mask plus lotion to relax your skin. Other people like this girl used Natures Cure along with Clearasil because she had an awful time with proactive but still, the other stuff helped her. Another girl said that proactive worked for her sister and it looked amazing. Another girl said proactive didnt work for her so she used Neutrogena cleanser and etc. So whatever you use really, it would work one way or another. And you may or may not have clear skin. What causes acne is oil, makeup, stress, hormones, age, gender, hygiene, diet, drugs, etc. From oil like grease, not watching your hands, your hair, or washing your face it can give your face a lot of oil. Its really between your hands and hair that can cause it because if you dont wash them and you put your hands on your face, you would get acne. Or be your hair that is in your face, without pulling it back or taken care of it can cause acne. But also, it doesnt always cause this. Its mostly stress and hormones really. Plus puberty because it can take a lot out of you or youre starting to grow up day by day. Still, its most hormones that take the most damage because your changing and as your grow older, (for female) your period stops slowly and it can cause stress along but also, it gets irritating because you got to work a lot or so or just life in general. Either way, we all go through this (Im really not sure for male because they are different from us). In conclusion, No matter how much acne you have or whenever you got to live it forever, we all need to see that whatever happens. And it doesnt matter what product we use, it doesnt always work for everyone. No matter if its stress or etc, its life. Source Citation: Acne. Mercedes McLaughlin., Patience Paradox., and Margaret Alic, PHD.. Ed. Jacqueline L. Longe. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, Online update, 2007. 5 vols, updated October 2009. Works Cited: McLaughlin, Mercedes, Patience Paradox, and Margaret Alic. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Gale, 2009. Acne. Web. Source Citation: ACNE. SICK! Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and Infections. Online Edition! Detroit: U*X*L, 2008. Works Cited: Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and Infections. Gale, 2008. Print. Source Citation: Acne. Patience Paradox. and David Edward Newton, Ed.D. The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Ed. Laurie Fundukian. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2009. 4 vols. Works Cited: Paradox, Patience, and David E. Newton. The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Gale, 2009. Print. Regimen success stories 1997 2010 Daniel W. Kern http://www.acne.org/success.php Benzoyl peroxide http://www.answers.com/topic/benzoyl-peroxide I need your PROACTIV STORIES whether good or bad!? http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070316190446AA5sE54

Reuven Malters Development In The Chosen :: essays research papers

Malter's Development in The Chosen One of the most emotional scenes from Chaim Potok’s The Chosen is when Reuven goes with Danny Saunders to talk to his father. Danny has a great mind and wants to use it to study psychology, not become a Hasidic tzaddik. The two go into Reb Saunders’ study to explain to him what is going to happen, and before Danny can bring it up, his father does. Reb Saunders explains to the two friends that he already known that Reuven is going to go for his smicha and Danny, who is in line to become the next tzaddik of his people, will not. This relates to the motif of â€Å"Individuality† and the theme of â€Å"Danny’s choice of going with the family dynasty or to what his heart leads him.† The most developing character from the novel is Reuven Malter. One of the ways that he developes in the novel is in hus understanding of friendship. His friendship with Dfanny Saunders is encouraged by his father, but he is wary of it at first because Danny is a Hasid, and regards regular Orthodox Jews as apikorsim because of the teachings of his father. Reuven goes from not being able to have a civil conversation with Danny to becoming his best friend with whom he spens all of his free time, studies Talmud and goes to college. Reuven truly grows because he leans, as his father says, what it is to be a friend. Another way that Reuven grows is that he learns to appreciate different people and their ideas. He starts out hating Hasidim because it’s the â€Å"pious† thing to do, even though his father (who I see as the Atticus Finch of this novel) keeps telling him that it’s okay to disagree with ideas, but hating a person because of them is intolerable. Through his friendship with Danny, studies with Reb Saunders, brief crush on Danny’s sister (who was never given a name), and time spent in the Hasidic community, he learns that Hasids are people too with their own ideas and beliefs that are as valuable as his. He learns why they think, act, speak, and dress the way that they do and comes to grips with the fact that he doesn’t have a monopoly on virtue. A third way in which Reuven grows, though the book doesn’t really talk about it a great deal, is in his appreciation of life, or cha’im in Hebrew. He almost loses his vision, his father nearly works himself to death, six million Jews are butchered in Europe, and Danny’s brother’s poor health threatens Danny’s

Microeconomic Impact of AIDS in Africa

The world has been greatly affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic indiscriminately although some parts have proved to be more vulnerable than others. It has ravaged the people since the 1980’s when it was first discovered. Despite this, it has been established that more than two thirds o those who are infected by the scourge are found in Africa and especially in the sub-Sahara part of Africa. This is in spite of the fact that this area consists of only 10% of the population in the world. This then means that a very big percentage of those in Africa are suffering from HIV/AIDS. It is sad to realize that the majority of those who are infected and affected by the disease are those in the working age bracket. This then affects all aspects of life including social, cultural, and economic. In all these aspects, there has been a change towards the negative. Those who are not infected are affected by having someone close to them suffering from the disease. In almost every household, there is someone suffering from it. It affects the economy by reducing the laborer force and at the same time increasing costs. This affects the industries, households and enterprises. It also affects the government because of reduced taxes yet the expenditure has been increased on those who are in need of health care. In these countries, there was already an economic problem before the advent of the disease and this has been escalated by the impact of the disease. It leads to the inability of these economies to advance since most of the resources are channeled towards efforts of curbing the disease (Chaminuka P., Anim F., Debustus L. K. & Nqangweni S. 2-8). The mainstay of most of the African countries is agriculture. The majority of people practice small-scale agriculture and it is among the most affected sectors in the continent. This is because resources are withdrawn from farming and directed to the healthcare of the ailing individuals. This occurs in various ways as will be explained in this paper. First, the labor resource is reduced greatly because those who are working in the farms are the same ones who get sick. This then leads to lack of labor for the farms and hence the productivity of these farms is greatly reduced. Furthermore, the money that can be used to hire laborers is already being used in the healthcare of the sick person (http://www.avert.org). Secondly, the monetary capital required in the advancement of farming is already being used by the family in the purchasing of drugs and general health care of the sick person. This then means that the implements necessary for the improvement and increase of productivity are not purchased. It is also affected by the loss of income earners either through death or to the ravages of the disease. If the person who is required to infuse monetary capital to the farming business loses his or her job due to the disease, then it means that the household is by-passed by much technological advancement related to the agricultural field. When unable to purchase these technologies, productivity is low and hence the amount of income that can be earned from the farming is greatly reduced. Lastly, in order to deal with the situation brought about by the disease, children end up becoming the laborers in the farms. They do this because their parents may both be suffering from the disease, as is the case most of the times, and therefore unable to work in the fields. Since the children cannot be able to work as efficiently and effectively as the adults can, they end up producing for subsistence use only. This means that food insecurity is on the rise because not enough is being produced to support the countries demand for food. This ends up leading to a very acute shortage of food and the countries end up depending on food aid from other countries. Since agriculture as pointed out earlier is the mainstay of most economies, it means therefore means that even the economy is greatly affected (Chaminuka P., Anim F., Debustus L. K. & Nqangweni S. 2-8). In Africa, there is a high rate of illiteracy and this affects their ability to compete for work on both the local and the international level. This has always been so since the independence era of most countries such that most of the policies put in place were aimed at reducing the level of illiteracy that was there. Since most of these policies failed it means that the problem was still prevalent even before the onset of the disease. This problem was made even worse, by the presence of HIV/AIDS through the impact it has on the education sector. When the disease hits a family, there is need to use all the resources available in taking care of the patient and also in the funeral expenses, in case the person dies. The reduction in money for use in the house leads to a reduction in the previously experienced expenses. The most reduced expenses are spending on some of the basic needs that are deemed disposable. These basic needs usually include clothing and education. The money to cater for the school uniform and for school fees is used in health care of the patient and hence leads to low education and in the long run an increase in the rate of illiteracy (http://www.avert.org). Education is also affected when both parents die of the disease and this is very common. It then means that some or all of the children end up dropping out of school so as to take care of themselves and also the young ones. If the parents are still alive but suffering from the disease, the children, especially the female children, drop out of school so as to take care of the parents. The lack of education means that the majority of youngsters are only able to get menial manual jobs. They are unable to get technical jobs that need skills because they have not learned them in school. It ends up making the country look for expatriates to do the jobs that could have been done by local people if they had the skills. This impacts on the economy negatively because the expatriates demand for more money than what would have been paid to the locals if they were the ones employed in the same capacity. This ends up straining the resources available because the amount used in salaries for the expatriates reduces the profits that could have been made. In other words, the profits are not maximized. The low levels of education also lead to a lot of unemployment because the manual jobs can be done through the technologies introduced. The manual employees end up replaced by the machines increasing unemployment level. The high rate of unemployment leads to lack of consumption of goods and services because the people do not have money to spend (http://www.avert.org). The decrease in labor also affects the foreign direct investment. This is because the demand for labor becomes higher than the supply. This leads to an increase in wages and the necessity for the use of expatriates. The foreign direct investment is important in the improvement of the economy but the foreign investors can only be attracted if there is a chance of making profits. For the profits to be made, the resources required must be available at the minimum costs possible. Once labor, which is one of the resources, becomes too expensive to enable the company maximize its profits, the investors tend to shy away from the country. This means that the one of the various avenues through which the country can be able to improve its economy has been affected. The various companies that have been put up also make a lot of losses leading either to closure due to reduced profits or the company may not close down but the profits being made are affected. This is because of the increased costs caused by the diversion of the productive resources towards health care, funeral benefits and also the pension fund. This is brought about by the early retirement caused by the incapacitation of the ailing workers due to poor health. The skills are also reduced as an increased number of skilled workers succumb to the disease. This affects the company especially since resources have been used to train the workers and they may not have recovered the cost by the time the person retires or dies. Businesses are also affected in that there is low productivity by workers. This is because the disease brings about an increase in the rate or absenteeism. Once the workers are constantly absent due to the necessity to seek medical care, it then means that the work is not done well and this affects the amount of profit that the businesses make. Furthermore, with the effect that the disease has on individual households, it leads to a reduction in the demand for the goods and services that are provided. This leads to an increase in dead stock which in turn may lead to the closure of some businesses. The lack of good profits by businesses and companies affects the economy as a whole in that it affects the taxes that the government gets from the business sector. This leads to reduced revenue thus affecting the services that the government is able to provide to the citizens. This is combined with the increase in health care spending by the government. The government ends up having to borrow from both foreign and local lenders so as to be able to meet the targets of the budget that they have fixed in any given financial year. The result of the heavy borrowing is an increase in the rate of inflation. This affects each household because the money they have now purchases less than it would have before (http://www.avert.org). In the provision of health care, it has become very expensive for the individual households. This is caused by the fact that there is massive drainage of health care workers in most of these countries. There are too many people who are infected with the disease causing an increase in the workload of the healthcare workers. When this is combined with the low wages that they get, it leads to their immigrating to other areas where they can get more money for the services that they give. In order to maintain those who have been left in the service, there is need to increase their wages and this cost is pushed on to those who are seeking health care making it next to impossible for them to acquire it especially the HIV/AIDS patients. There is also a problem of having a large number of infected health care workers, this is because a major cause o death in the industry thus depleting the number of workers further. This combined with the other two factors are a cause of increase in the cost of attainment of healthcare. This affects households by reducing the amount of income that can be used for consumption thus affecting the economy. The hospital resources are also under strain because the disease is chronic yet the numbers of HIV/AIDS patients that are using the hospital’s resource are more than those who are suffering from other diseases. The death of income earners in the various households means that the children who are orphaned become dependants on other income earners. This is if they do not become the heads in their houses. The increase in dependants on the income earners leads to less income used for consumption. There are now more people who depend on the same income thus reducing the real income of the household. There is also the reduction of customers that a business can get because the same amount of money that was initially used by one household is now being used by two households. Also, the increase in amount of dependants on the few income earners who are now available leads to depletion of savings. Since the income earned cannot be enough to sustain the increased number of dependants, the income earner is forced to use up the saving that they had kept aside. Since savings and investments go hand-in-hand, it means that the rate of investment is also affected. There is less investment by households and also the various businesses because decreased savings causes an increase in the interest rate of borrowing. The decreased rate of investment affects employment. The income earners usually have to quit working because they have to take care of the ill. This especially affects the female income earners because they have to take care of the family. The female workers and students may end up becoming commercial sex workers which is a job description that is not taxed by the government. In other words, it means that the number of taxpayers has reduced yet the number of workers has increased. By becoming commercial sex workers, they increase their chances of contracting the disease and dying thus continuing the vicious cycle of poverty. The increase in the work load of caregivers affects their output in their various workplaces. The women who work in industries are unable to produce at optimum level because of increased absenteeism at work. This reduces the amount of income that they get since their working hours are greatly reduced. They may also be fired because they end up becoming a liability to the company because the cost of maintaining them as workers becomes too high for the company. This leads to a decrease in the amount of money that can be spent by the household on consuming. Furthermore with reduced income, there is reduced saving since all the money earned goes directly to consumption. The assets that people own end up being sold in order to acquire treatment for the sick. Even after death of the sufferers, there are still funeral expenses and hence further sale of the assets. The households are then left very poor with nothing to fall back on especially once the income earners in the household succumb to the disease. Since the savings have already been used up, there is no way that the households can recover their previous economic status and this increases the rate of poverty. In other words, there is an increase in the amount of poor people in the continent (http://www.avert.org). The households which have been affected by the disease end up depending on other households. They become a burden to them and cause an increase in the debts that these people have. These debts are even made worse by the fact that there are high chances of the income earners losing their employment. To avoid this, the older children end up becoming laborers to support their families. Â  This has changed the composition of workers to having more children than adults in the labor force. Since the children are unable to be as productive as the adults they are paid poorly. This pushes them further into poverty. Work cited AVERT. The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Africa. Retrieved on 29th November 2007 from http://www.avert.org/aidsimpact.htm Chaminuka P., Anim F., Debustus L. K. & Nqangweni S. impact of HIV&AIDS on Agriculture and Food Security. The Case of Limpopo Province in South Africa 2006 FANRPAN pg 2-8 Â  

nazism essays

nazism essays Nazism has caused many problems over time. Nazism, through the leadership of Adolf Hitler, has caused the massacre of millions of Jews during the holocaust and the Third Reich. It has affected the Jewish community mostly as well as the rest of the world. Nazism has changed Europe and now it has spread all over the world to this day where there are still nazi groups and organizations all over the world. Nazism is defined as the ideology and practice of the nazis, its is especially the policy of racist nationalism, the national expansion, and it is the leader of the state trying to control the economy in anyway he prefers. Nazi is short for Nationalsozialist. Nazism is a type of fascism, a form of government that gives all the power to a very small minority led by a dictator who has all the power and control. Nazis were mainly prejudice against the Jews. One man led Nazism almost solely and he was Adolf Hitler. He was the leader of the Nazis; he was called the Fuhrer, which is the German word for leader. He is what started just about everything to do with Nazism. Nazis ruled Germany from 1933 until 1945. This period is called The Third Reich.(Taylor and Shaw, 1987) Hitler, the leader of Nazism, was born in the evening of April 20, 1889, in Austria in a small village called Braunau. His father was Alois Hitler and his mother was Klara Plzl. Adolf Hitler was born healthy baby and was baptized as a Roman Catholic. Adolf had four brothers and sisters. When he was a little boy he went to monastery school were he did well and even thought of being a priest. Then when he got into high school he started to slack off and purposely started failing, then his father died when he was thirteen. At the age of sixteen he dropped out of high school and moved away. When he was eighteen, he moved to Vienna to study art, but he failed the entrance exam and could not get into the academy of fine arts. ( http://worldwarll.www4.50megs....

AP Government definitions Essay

AP Government definitions Essay AP Government definitions Essay AP Government Vocabulary 1. Democracy: free and equal representation of people. 2. Direct Democracy: A democracy in which the power to govern lies directly in the hands of the people rather than being exercised through their representatives. 3. Direct Primary: a primary election in which the candidates who will seek office as nominees of a political party are chosen directly by popular vote. 4. Initiative: a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote. 5. Referendum: a vote by the whole of an electorate on a specific question or questions put to it by a government or similar body. 6. Recall: A vote to remove someone from their political position. 7. Representative Democracy: a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. 8. Constitutional Democracy: a system of government based on popular sovereignty in which the structures, powers, and limits of government are set forth in a constitution. 9. Constitutionalism: government by constitution: the principles or practice of government regulated by a constitution. 10. Majority rule: control by majority: control of an organization or institution according to the wishes or votes of the majority of its members. 11. Plurality rule: the excess of votes received by the leading candidate, in an election in which there are three or more candidates, over those received by the next leading candidate. 12. Theocracy: government by a god or by priests. 13. Electoral college: a select body of people who elect somebody to an office on behalf of a larger group 14. Federalism: a political system in which several states or regions defer some powers. 15. Writ of mandamus: a judicial remedy in the form of an order from a superior court, to any government subordinate court, corporation, or public authority- to do (or forbear from doing) some specific act which that body is obliged under law to do (or refrain from doing). 16. Writ of Certiorari: an order a higher court issues in order to review the decision and proceedings in a lower court and determine whether there were any irregularities. 17. Writ of Habeas Corpus: a court order that requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court. 18. In forma pauperis: not liable for court costs because of being identified as a poor person. 19. Amicus curiae briefs: someone who is not a party to a case who offers information that bears on the case but who has not been solicited by any of the parties to assist a court. 20. Bureaucracy: an administrative system, especially in a government, that divides work into specific categories carried out by special departments of nonelected officials. 21. Cloture: the process of closing a debate in the Senate by calling for a vote. 22. De facto segregation: segregation that happens in fact although not required by law. 23. De jure segregation: segregation that is imposed by law. 24. Ex post facto law: a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law. 25. Stare decisis: the principal that the precedent decisions are to be followed by the courts. 26. Delegated powers: expressed powers given to one branch of the government by the Constitution. They are assigned to another government agency with consent of the first. 27. Implied powers: a power that in not specifically authorized in writing, but is assumed because of similar powers which have already been granted in writing. 28. Express powers: powers that congress has that are specifically listed in the Constitution. 29. Reserve powers: a political power that a constitution reserves exclusively to the jurisdiction of a particular political authority. 30. Concurrent power: a political power exercised independently in the same field of legislation by both federal

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example This fact is negligible. Wherever the deal took place is irrelevant. As long as there was some verbal agreement, that could still be considered a contract, as will be shown in the next point. 3. No formal contract was signed between TWD and Yello. Even though TWD and Yello did not sign a contract, LMI and TWD made the agreement that LMI would arrange it so that they would pay TWD to set up a website for the band. â€Å"Such relationships are termed quasi-contract. Although there is no contract or agreement between the parties, they are put in the same position as if there were a contract between them.†1 The definition of what a quasi-contract is can be given here. As defined in Black’s Law Dictionary, a quasi contract is â€Å"an obligation which law creates in absence of agreement; it is invoked by courts where there is unjust enrichment†¦ [The] [f]unction of ‘quasi contract’ is to raise obligation in law where in fact the parties made no promise, an d it is not based on apparent intention of the parties.†2 Also, contracts do not have to be written down to be enforceable. A contract, by definition, is â€Å"[a]n agreement between two or more persons which creates an obligation to do or not to do a particular thing. Its essentials are competent parties, subject matter, a legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, and mutuality of obligation.†3 Additionally, a contract â€Å"is formed in any transaction in which one or both parties make a legally enforceable promise. A promise is a commitment or undertaking that a given event will or will not occur in the future and may be express or implied from conduct or language and conduct. A promise is legally enforceable where it: was made as part of a bargain for valid consideration; reasonably induced the promise to rely on the promise to his detriment; or is deemed enforceable by a statute despite the lack of consideration.†4 There are several types of contracts, in addition. Contracts may be one of three types: express (an agreement brought about by words); implied-in-fact (an agreement brought about by conduct); or implied-in-law, also known as a â€Å"quasi-contract† (which is â€Å"not a true contract but an obligation imposed by a court despite the absence of a promise in order to avoid an injustice.†5 Since it has been shown that there was a quasi-contract between LMI and TWD, TWD is now committed to performing services for LMI under the deal that was hammered out in the Wine Bar—even though nothing was put down in writing in a formal sense. However, this could indeed hurt LMI later as one shall see. 4. The website includes photos of Yello given to TWD, and three (3) short extracts of songs from Yello’s first album. TWD does not necessarily own the images or the three (3) short extracts of music given to TWD in order to market the band Yello. The copyright of the music belongs to LMI since they had a deal sign ed with them. Whoever took the photographs (one would presume that would be the photographer) who would own the copyrights to the band Yello’s photos. However, if Yello purchased the copyright of the images, then the images belong to them—or if the Yello band’s image is already copyrighted. This can be a complex issue. If Yello’s image is not copyrighted, it may be able to be distributed other places. Also, the copyright on the song excerpts must also be copyrighted in order to make sure that if there is any type of infringement, then the people or person infringing upon the copyright of

Role Technology Has Played in Electronic and Digital Media Essay

Role Technology Has Played in Electronic and Digital Media - Essay Example In the past news was limited to a few persons obtaining print. It was later improved to electronic information by way of radio. Information that was very important and that would impact peoples lives reached them very slowly. In the current scenario things are different. There are many ways in which news can be had. It is available in print, on the radio, on television and on the internet and events are shown and reported as they happen (live). In addition, to its informational, reporting and critiquing role, one of the main roles of media is agenda setting. According to McCoombs and Shaw (1972), the media’s choice of how an article is displayed and what to write about play an important role in shaping economic, political and social reality. In this way viewers, listeners the readers will not only learn about a particular issue but also the level of importance that the media attaches to it. This means that the media presents information in such a way that it can shape the opin ions and attitudes of the society. By doing so the media dictates what is believed and what is not. Advances in technology The media has moved away from the use of chemical technology in photography to the use of digital technology. In the past the custom was black and white until color became widespread in the latter part of the 20th century. The chemical process involved the use of chemicals in a dark room. According to Warren (2001), the pictures produced by this method were not as sharp as those produced digitally. Additionally, those produced digitally could be copied over and over and the quality would remain intact. This was not so for the ones produced chemically. Mass media used this technology to produce attractive magazines and newspaper articles and to produce attractive advertisements for businesses. This helped them to increase their role as a key player in success of businesses. Media has used digitally technology to improve the images on television and in the print m edia. Technological advances have resulted in the digitization of news print which is now described as online media. Newspapers such as New York Times (NYT) and Washington Post (WP) have increased their readership because of this fact. Additionally, they have now included videos in some of their news items. This was not and is still not possible with print media. Both NYT and WP have also been able to earn additional revenue by having advertisements on their site. More hits bring more advertisements and so the headlines and articles have to be attractive. McCoombs and Shaw (1972), indicates that there are three ways in the media seeks to set its agenda – attention, prominence and valence. The technology that is currently been used allows news item to gain attention and prominence with the use of sharp pictures and pull outs. On the television and on the internet media provide catchy advertisements with music and visual effects as seen on the internet and on television. Televi sion also provides viewers with soap operas and movies that have changed the way they view the world. The internet has provided information at one’s fingertips for personal information and for serious research. Conclusion The media has played a fundamental role in how the world is seen today. People are more