The Debate About Abortion And Abortion - 1709 Words

The practice of abortion is an issue that has sparked controversy for many years. One of the initial problems that lead to the debate about abortion is the fact that, the definition of the term abortion varies from one field to another. The controversy arises because the language used to describe abortion â€Å"is a reflection of the societal beliefs of the people in that area† (McFarlane Meier 65). Generally, the World Health Organization defines abortion as induced or spontaneous termination of pregnancy before the fetus is due for birth. The issue of abortion causes a two-sided divide where those who support cite the reason for their support as the mother of the fetus should have a right to choose what happens and does not happen to their†¦show more content†¦Finally, I will present an argument that shows that banning of abortion as it is; without first removing ambiguity in its definition and also clearly stating the parameters for its indulgences will be unethic al. According to McFarlane Meier (65), â€Å"the concept of abortion dates back to 500A.D among the Greeks and Egyptians and as early as then†, abortion presented a moral dilemma to the people who were at logger s heads as to when a fetus becomes a human being with its rights. The issue of pregnancy is dependent on some external factors that may also affect one s decision on whether to undertake an abortion or not. Some of these factors may include; a woman s age, her economic status, circumstances under which she got pregnant and her cultural background. For instance, a woman who has already finished school and has a job and comes from a more liberal or western culture is more likely to keep a pregnancy that she had not planned for unlike her counterpart who faces the opposite of the situation. The concept of abortion gained momentum in the 1960s during the first wave of feminism. During this time, women were fighting for the right to decide whether or not they should get pregn ant. In 1973, the law took a new turn in regards to abortion after the case of Roe v, Wade. Jane Roe won a lawsuit against the state of Texas after she was gangShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Abortion Debate1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are few issues that can cause as many heated and sometimes, irrational, debates than that of abortion. The issue strikes at the very heart of an individuals religious and philosophical beliefs. Does a woman have the right to terminate a pregnancy? Is it moral to do so in any circumstance? Is a fetus a living human being? The debate has raged for nearly thirty years and there does not seem to be any end to the controversy that often results in violence. Irrational individualsRead MoreEssay about The Abortion Debate706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are all kinds of people in the world, and we all have different opinions. In this report I am discussing abortion. You will read about the pros and cons of this subject. 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Abortion is the termination of a human pregnancy. It can lead to many complications for a lot of people. It can also have long term effects emotionally on the mother, father, and family after the abortion is complete. It is very common today because many young women get pregnant at such a young age and believe that they are not capable of having a child. Abortion has al ways been a common debate usually based on beliefs of individualsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion714 Words   |  3 Pages Currently in the United States, abortion among many other topics is controversial and causes an uproaring due to the many divergent opinions. The argument behind abortion in America is that when a woman goes and follows through with the procedure, it is viewed as murder in the eyes of many. Religious groups tend to lean towards anti-abortion, and see abortion as a ‘sin’ due to their beliefs, which causes unavoidable debates. Roe v. 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A significant part of the population, called pro-life, consider abortion a s murdering a living child and hence, are against abortion. Another group of people, called pro-choice, believe that the parents, particularly women, have the choice to do anything with their body and have the right to decide whether or not to keep the child. They may

The Conceptual Boundaries Of Descartes Essay - 2181 Words

Introduction This paper examines the conceptual boundaries that Descartes established that define what he determined to be the human mind. These conceptual boundaries are relatively high in character ensuring that, according to Descartes, there exists a firm line between what determines a human mind versus a purely physical entity such as an animal. However, this examination extends the argument further into the realm of mechanical entities as well as artificial intelligence (AI). The analysis is meant to determine if contemporary technology has managed to achieve or surpass the arbitrary standards established by Descartes vis-à  -vis what constitutes a mind or soul. The argument, in this instance, is that contemporary technology has developed what Descartes would have classified as a mind in the form of AI, which exceeds Descartes’ minimum standards. Descartes’ Demarcation The metaphorical line that Descartes establishes that determines the division between what constitutes a human mind from a non-human entity is quite clear. Descartes expends considerable effort in explaining that the human mind is, above all, self-aware. For instance, in the course lectures it is noted that Descartes believes that when an entity, primarily a person, asserts that it exists to itself, then this in and of itself establishes a precedence of mind (Descartes’, 2016, p.19). Such a precedent demonstrates a fundamental belief about oneself that rises above external observation butShow MoreRelatedBarbara Kruger : Art History Archive1398 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Art History Archive, Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist born in Newark, New Jersey in 1945. She attended Syracuse University in 1964 where her interests in graphic design, poetry, and writing developed. 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Determining Activation Energy Free Essays

Activation energy of a reaction Mengyuan Wu IB Chem HL Richard Forster March 20, 2013 Introduction: In this experiment, a reduction of peroxodisulphate (VI) ions by iodine ions is investigated. Solution of 10cm3 of K2S2O8, potassium peroxodisulphate, represented as ‘Solution A’. Mixture of 5cm3 of KI (Potassium iodide solution), and 5 cm3 of Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulphate solution), and 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Activation Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5cm3 of starch solution is considered as ‘Solution B’. Solution A and B are mixed together under different temperatures to show a â€Å"clock† reaction. Observation: Table 1: Raw Quantitative Data of Temperature and Time from the Experiment Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| Temperature of Solution A ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Temperature of Solution B ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Time Taken| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 30| 31. 0| 31. 0| 3:10:34| 191| 35| 36. 0| 33. 5| 2:11:83| 132| 40| 40. 0| 38. 0| 1:37:24| 97| 45| 46. 0| 45. 5| 1:12:83| 73| 50| 51. 0| 51. 0| 0:52:40| 53| Qualitative: Before: Solution A: clear colorless solutions; Solution B: clear colorless solution During: Both solution A and B reached (or close to) a fixed temperature and mixed together form a clear colorless solution reaction time: one or few section of the solution turned clear light purple opaque purple, then the section expand to the entire solution speedily within a second the purple opaque solution gradually turn to a darker purple color After: Dark purple-black colored opaque solution Processing and Presenting Data: Table 2: Uncertainty of the Apparatus Used in the Experiment Equipment| Uncertainty| Explanation| Stopwatch| Seconds ±1 second| The actual uncertainty of the stopwatch is millisecond, shown in the column ‘Time Taken’ in Table 1. However, there are human reaction uncertainties when receiving the change in color in the actual experiment, so that particular uncertainty is presented by  ±1 second| 50cm3 Burette for K2S2O8, KI, and Na2S2O3| cm3 ±0. 02cm30. 02% for each solution| Initial Reading ( ±0. 1cm3) + Final reading ( ±0. 1cm3) = volume used ( ±0. cm3) for every solution measured in mixture A or B| 10mL Measuring Cylinder for starch solution| mL ±0. 2mL| | Thermometer|  °C ±1. 0 °C| Mixture A and B both have separate (but relatively close) temperature with uncertainty of  ±0. 5 °C each, after the average of the two the uncertainty doubles| Table 3: Processed date for temperature and time Average Temperature of the reaction ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| P roceed Temperature (K ±1. 0K)| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 31. 0| 304. 0| 191| 35. 0| 308. 0| 132| 39. 0| 312. 0| 97| 46. 0| 319. 0| 73| 51. 0| 324. 0| 53| Table 4: Processed data for Graphing ln 1t (3 sig fig)| 1T (K)(4 sig fig)| -5. 25| 0. 003289| -4. 88| 0. 003246| -4. 57| 0. 003205| -4. 29| 0. 003134| -3. 97| 0. 003086| ln 1t=lnK (Proportional) t= Time T= Temperature (in K) Graph1: Calculation: Values: Table 4: Calculation to Process Temperature: | | Calculation 1: Average Temperature ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| Calculation 2: Temperature in K (K ±1. 0K)| | Formula| Temp. of A+Temp. of B2| Temp. in  °C+273| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| 31. 0+31. 02=31. 0| 31. 0+273=304. 0| | 35| 36. 0+33. 52=34. 75? 35. 0| 35. +273=308. 0| | 40| 40. 0+38. 02=39. 0| 39. 0+273=312. 0| | 45| 46. 0+45. 52=45. 75? 46. 0| 46. 0+273=319. 0| | 50| 51. 0+51. 02=51. 0| 51. 0+273=324. 0| Table 5: Calculation for Graphing Data | Calculation 3:ln 1t| Calculation 4:1T(K)| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| ln1191? -5. 25| 1304? 0. 003289| | 35| ln1132? -4. 88| 1308? 0. 003246| | 40| ln197? -4. 57| 1312? 0. 003205| | 45| ln173? -4. 29| 1319? 0. 003134| | 50| ln153? -3. 97| 1324? 0. 003086| Calculation 5 (Activation Energy): lnk= -EaR ? 1T+lnA y = m(slope) x + c R=8. 314 Jmol-1K-1(Diploma) Data from Graph 1: y = -6045. 3x + 14. 705 -6045. 3 = -EaR Ea=8. 314 ? 6045. 3 =50260. 6242 J =50. 2606242 KJ Random Errors: Calculation 6: (%Random Error for Average Temperature of the Reaction) Average temperature of the reaction K  ± 1. 0 K (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1. 0304. 0+1. 0308. 0+1. 0312. 0+1. 0319. 0+1. 0324. 0? 100 ? 1. 596% Calculation 7: (%Random Error for Time) Time Taken Seconds  ± 1 Second (estimated human reaction time) (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1191+1132+197+173+153? 100? 5. 569% Calculation 8: (% Random Error for Solutions) Random Error for K2S2O8+KI+ Na2S2O3+Starch 0. 02%? 3+0. 22. 5? 100 ? 8. 06% Calculation 8: (Total % Random Error) % Error=1. 596%+5. 569%+8. 06% =15. 225%=20% (one sig. fig. ) Final Answer: Calculation 9: (Final Answer) 50. 2606242 KJ  ±20% 50. 2606242 KJ =50. 3 KJ (3 sig. fig. smallest sig. fig. in calculation) 50. 2606242 KJ? 0. 2? 10. 052 KJ=10KJ (one sig. fig. ) Experimental Result: 50. 3 KJ  ±10KJ 50. 3 KJ  ±20% Work Cited: Di ploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet. 2nd ed. Cardiff: International Baccalaureate Organization, 2008. 6. Print. How to cite Determining Activation Energy, Essay examples

Cerebral Oedema in Paediatric Patients-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cerebral Oedema in Paediatric Patients. Answer: Cerebral Oedema Cerebral oedema is a condition which is life threatening which develops from an inflammatory reaction. In this condition there is an excess accumulation of fluid in the spaces of brain. Its symptoms include vomiting, nausea, difficulty in vision, unconsciousness and in extreme cases it may cause coma. In this condition the cerebrospinal fluid breaks down the barrier and starts to accumulate in the brain. The alteration in the metabolism cause brain cells to hold on the fluid the dilute the blood plasma causing the excessive water to accumulate in the brain (Watts Edge, 2014). The treatment of cerebral oedema includes these following ways: Osmotherapy by Mannitol Diuretics used to decrease the fluid volume Corticosteroids for suppressing the immune system Using of hypertonic saline solution Elevation of bed head Surgical decompression. Here in this assignment there is a description about two of those strategies and given point to discuss about the treatments: A description, rationale and evidence to support the treatment strategy. Goals and complications of the treatment. Considerations and implications for nursing practice Treatment strategies for cerebral oedema Giving of IV Mannitol / 3%hypertomic solution to patient with Cerebral Oedema before the happening of respiratory failure. Description, rationale and evidence The most fast and effective way to decreasing fluid from brain is osmotic therapy. Mannitol is the most used osmotic agent which decreases intra cranial pressure and increases CBF. Mannitol decreases the volume of brain by reducing the fluid content of the brain. Mannitol also improves the cerebral perfusion by reducing the viscosity and altering the red blood cell Rheology. It is also used to protect from the effects of the biochemical injury (Scott, et al. 2013). There are some evidences that proves that low dose of Mannitol is effective which is having less chance of hyper-osmolar problems, that is caused by high-dose therapy. At first 1.0g/kg dose of mannitol is given, later it was increased and 50g is given after every 2-3 hours. Goals and complications of the treatment The use of mannitol is aimed for plasma osmolality along with the maintenance of the volume of plasma. But prolonged use may cause an electrolyte imbalance in the human body. If high doses of Mannitol is are infused in the patients with renal failure then Mannitol if retained in the blood (Stokum, Gerzanich, Simard, 2016). This statement is proved by a study of 45 patients who were treated with Mannitol for many days. It was found that only one patient was detected with potassium more than normal and 22 patients developed hypokalemia that is potassium content in serum low than the range (Garcia et al. 2014). Implications of mannitol Mannitol decreases blood viscosity, CBF unchanged while Cerebral Blood volume (CBV) and Intracranial Pressure (ICP) decrease. Mannitol also reduces ICP by reducing cerebral parenchymal cell water, total effect takes 20-30min. Eventually Mannitol enters Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and increases ICP. 3% hypertonic solution Hypertonic saline is a solution contains sodium chloride (NaCl). The most common preparations used are 2%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 23% NaCl. HTS plays an important role for the prevention and treatment of the effects of effects of brain oedema (Doyle et al., 2001). Goal and complications The 3% HTS is mainly used for decreasing the intracranial pressure (ICP) by releasing excess fluid from brain. It is further associated by inducing of osmotic agents intravenously which increases the osmosis of serum. This results in the shrinkage of brain that effectively reduces intracranial pressure. The continuous infusion of 3% HTS can cause rebounding in oedema. It also causes the disruption of blood-brain barrier which happens due to the shrinkage of the endothelial cells. The continuous infusion of 7.5% saline solution leads to excessive neuron death Implications Blood is a hypertonic solution that contains higher sodium concentration whether cerebral tissue, has a lower sodium concentration. The flow of excess water from cerebral tissue set up an osmotic gradient from cerebral tissue to the blood. Osmosis is cause by the movement of water through the concentration gradient passively. In this process the water moves from lower level to the areas of higher cncengtration (Feig McCurdy, 1977). Elevation of bed head Description, rationale and evidence The elevation of the head of bed (HOB) to a semi-CBV recumbent position (at least 30 degrees) is associated with a decreased incidence cerebral oedema. The intervention is supported clinical guidelines, and the publications in the field accept HOB elevation as an effective, low-cost, and low-risk intervention (Schallom et al., 2015). The elevation of bed head technique is the frequently used technique for cerebral oedema it is used to minimize the venous outflow. Evidences show that with the help of elevation of the bed head to 30, there is a reduction in ICP without any changes occurring in CPP or CBF. When the head is elevated the blood pressure from the head is lowered which is the safest for most of the patients. Goals and complications of the treatment Elevation of the bed head technology is an effective method for reducing oedema. Studies suggested that the semi horizontal position of lying decreases blood pressure from the brain. The elevation of the bed head to 30 helps in improving the jugular venous outflow and lowering the ICP. In the patients suffering from hypovolaemia, this process will help in reducing the blood pressure and a complete diminishing of cerebral perfusion pressure (DeCourcey et al., 2013). It has been reviewed that nine RCTs and two studies to evaluate the role of body positioning on the elevated bed head. There is a review which summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors associated with cerebral oedema and provide evidence-based recommendations for preventions. Review recommends the use of continuous backrest elevation of 3045 degrees as an early prevention measure for cerebral oedema in the emergency department. Implications of bed head elevation Head bed elevation might prevent the chances of spreading of infection in the brain by elevating the head of the bed. The semi-recumbent position is the best method to prevent the cerebral oedema in extremely ill adult patients who requires mechanical support ventilation. It has been also investigated that 30 is the best angle of elevation of bed head in a semi-recumbent position. There are evidences from eight studies involving 759 participants demonstrated that a semi-recumbent (30 to 60) position reduced clinically suspected cerebral oedema by 25.7% when compared to a 0 to 10 supine position (Pool et al., 2015). Oxygen mask Description, rationale and evidence A non-rebreathing mask is having three unidirectional valves. One valve is located on each side of the mask to permit the ventilation of the exhaled gases. The third unidirectional valve is situated between the mask and the reservoir bag and prevents exhaled gases from entering the bag. Evidences show that, patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure were treated in the emergency department first with a non-rebreathing mask. Goals and complications Its aim is to enable the delivery of high concentrations of oxygen and is recommended for use in patients who are critically ill. Complications Dry gas may have different side effects on the respiratory system. Breathing of dry air cause excessive water loss by the nasal mucosa, which might reduce the nasal mucoclliary clearance rate or adhesiveness of nasal mucus and/or slowing of ciliary pulses. Implications During inspiration the use of the oxygen reservoir bag prevents the oxygen loss which helps to increase the oxygen concentration. It is important to make sure that the amount of oxygen flow rate is maintained so that oxygen reservoir bag does not collapse during inspiration. Some non-rebreathing masks are made up of elasticated ear loop bands. These masks are mainly used for trauma patients as they dont need to move the head References Nissenson, A. R., Weston, R. E., Kleeman, C. R.. Mannitol. Western Journal of Medicine, 131(4), 277. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1271822/pdf/westjmed00242-0017.pdf Picetti, E., Iaccarino, C., Servadei, F. (2017). Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery, nyx086. https://braintrauma.org/uploads/07/04/Guidelines_for_the_Management_of_Severe_Traumatic.97250__2_.pdf Peng, Y., Liu, X., Wang, A., Han, R. (2014). The effect of mannitol on intraoperative brain relaxation in patients undergoing supratentorial tumor surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 15(1), 165. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4018619/ Yildizdas, D., Altunbasak, S., Celik, U., Herguner, O. (2016). Hypertonic saline treatment in children with cerebral edema. Indian pediatrics, 43(9), 771-779. https://medind.nic.in/ibv/t06/i9/ibvt06i9p771.pdf Mangat, H. S., Chiu, Y. L., Gerber, L. M., Alimi, M., Ghajar, J., Hrtl, R. (2015). Hypertonic saline reduces cumulative and daily intracranial pressure burdens after severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurosurgery, 122(1), 202-210. https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2014.10.JNS132545 Kukreti, V., Mohseni-Bod, H., Drake, J. (2014). Management of raised intracranial pressure in children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of pediatric neurosciences, 9(3), 207. https://medind.nic.in/icb/t10/i12/icbt10i12p1409.pdf Schallom, M., Dykeman, B., Metheny, N., Kirby, J., Pierce, J. (2015). Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(1), 57-66. https://www.aacn.org/docs/cemedia/A152401.pdf Shahriari, A., Khooshideh, M., Heidari, M. (2014). Diseases treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy; a literature review. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery Innovation Interdisciplinary Sciences Journal, 1(1). file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/153-230-1-SM.pdf