Touching Wedding Speech by the Bride -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Touching Wedding Speech by the Bride It is not traditional for the bride to speak but I thought it only right that I start married life as I mean to go on - by having the last word. I would like to take this chance to thank everyone for taking the time to share this magical day with us. Today wouldn’t have been as special as it is without you - our family and friends. I hope everyone is enjoying themselves and that the open bar kept you entertained while we were having our photos taken. Please remember to take lots of photos and sign the guest book – please include any advice you have on married life! I would like to thank Mary and Rose for doing the readings. We have a small gift here for you. A big thank you goes to my bridesmaids, Nicola and Caroline who were both a great help in preparing for the big event and in keeping me calm throughout the day. I have a little something here for you. Jane and Terry have welcomed me into the family and even put up with me staying with them after I lost my roomate. Thank you for raising Charlie so well for me. I understand that the warranty is out of date now and the refund deadline has long since passed. I might keep him for a while though as he has so many qualities - charm, brains and beauty are sadly the only ones missing I would like to thank my mom (mum) and dad for all their love, support and guidance throughout my life. I would not be where I am t... ...rue. I love you Charles for all that you have made of yourself in this life, and for what I know we will make together in our lives from this day on. I am so proud to be your wife. The most beautiful wedding gift I'll have today is knowing in my heart I have your love forever........... I would like to take time now to remember those who are unable to be with us today. Many of our family were unable to travel to Chicago (Edinburgh). Others will be looking down on our wedding day- we especially remember my granmother (gran) McFarlane and grandfather (grandpa) Cook and Charlie’s grandpa whose birthday would have been today. I would therefore like to propose a toast.†¦. (raise glass) to absent friends†¦..

List some good things about stress and some bad

List some good things about stress and some bad and try to give examples. Include short write-up about Holmes and Rahe scale on the definition of stress. The right amount of stress can be used as stimulus to bring about an improvement in performance or a more pro-active action.   In the school setting, a student may be forced to study as a result of stress brought about by failing marks/failing grades.   Similarly, in the work setting, a notice of promotion, incentive or even demotion can bring about activities or outputs from an employee. However, at work or in school, too much stress can also lead to burnouts and decreased quality outputs. Over stress can affect a person’s health and emotional, physical, and psychological well-being.   Excessive stress can cause severe anxiety, work dissatisfaction, fatigue, heart ailment and other health-related problems. Stress comes about when we are faced with changes in our life.   These occurrences can be positive changes in our life, or it can be considered negative changes. Whatever their result, the fact that our equilibrium has been disturbed causes stress because they force our body to react to the stressors/factors that were introduced in our routines. According to the Holmes-Rahe Scale, different kinds of stress we encounter (whether resulting from positive or negative events) in our daily lives increase probability of illness or even death.   Values are given to correspond to these stressors.   The higher value in the scale, the higher the likelihood of illness and/or death. Give one criticism of the Holmes and Rahe live events scale as a means of measuring stress. In studying the scale, it can be observed that some positive stress are given points/score almost equal to negative stress. I believe that this should not be the case because we have a sense of what affects us positively or negatively, and happy events are not destructive at all. A specific example is the score for Reconciliation in Marriage is 45 while Dismissal from a Job is scored 47.   Reconciliation with loved ones usually brings a happy feeling. Happy events should not be considered as factors causing our illness.   In fact, joyous events provide us with inspiration and an eagerness to live our lives to the fullest. 1 of the factors that increase stress in commuters is the delays caused by traffic jam suggest 1 other factor in commuting that will cause stress. Aside from the delays caused by slow moving traffic, another stressor is the feeling that your plans/objectives for the delay are being slowed down by the traffic.   This feeling of non- attainment is also causing stress. Name two life events which are known to cause stress in humans. There are many life events/universal events in a person’s life that brings about stress. This may be related to change in work setting or responsibilities or it may be health-related. To name two life events, one is personal/loved one’s illness and death or loss of a loved one. Describe 2 psychological effects of stress. Two psychological effects of stress include anxiety and nervousness which may lead to bodily health risks such as heart ailments from high blood pressure, and possibly adult diabetes.   There are also some instances of memory loss as a result of stress. What is one advantage of the stress response? One advantage of stress response is being able to react to stress.   This reaction can become positive actions that will benefit the individual and provide enthusiasm in a particular task.   An example would be an individual â€Å"stressed† from a marital reconciliation would probably approach his mornings happier and his more energetically.   He would also be more pleasant to friends and acquaintances, all because of the current change in his routine life (life without his wife to share insights with). Outline an example from everyday life when an increased physiological arousal has positive effect on a person. One example from everyday life is when a person is driving and hits a bump in the road making him more alert to what he is doing.   This alertness is a physiological arousal that makes him more attentive to driving, which results in a safer road trip. The general adaptation syndrome has 3 phases: stage of resistance stage of exhaustion, and alarm reaction, place them in correct order. The first stage in the GAS syndrome is the Alarm reaction where the body’s reaction to stress is immediate such as body movement or motion. Alarm reaction usually happens when the body is exposed to sudden or instantaneous stress. The second stage in the syndrome is the stage of resistance where the body tries to resist or adapt to the stressor hoping to diminish its effects.   When the body gets tired/can no longer resist the stress, the third stage, the Stage of Exhaustion, comes into play. According to the Yerkes Dodson Law, what happens to performance as arousal increases? Based on the Yerkes Dodson Law, your performance will improve when arousal increases.   But a person’s stress tolerance will only be to a certain extent.   Too much stress will also cause poor performance. According to this Law, stress should be applied moderately to obtain optimum performance level. The term locus of control refers to how much control individuals believe that they have over the events that happen to them. What effect does locus of control have on stress? There are two types of locus of control perceived by an individual. One is internal locus of control where the individual feels that most if not all events that happen are influenced by his own activities/actions while external locus of control is where the individual feels that all events is not directly affected by him. Internal and external locus of control is two ends of a rope. The higher the internal locus of control, the lower an individual perceives his external locus of control. Based on abstracts of Occupational Studies, research showed that higher the external locus of control perceived, the higher stress comes into play.   This implies that the more the person feels he is not in control of the events happening around him, the higher the stress, the more he becomes stressed-out, which results in higher job dissatisfaction, and ultimately job burn-out. Describe 2 emotion-focused strategies for reducing stress. Two emotion-focused strategies for reducing stress is by avoidance of cognitive attention from the source of stress, and by altering the perception of the individual by positive thinking. Not focusing on something stressful somehow controls/minimizes a person’s reaction to this stressor.   Likewise, positive thinking approach to â€Å"stressful† things can help in reducing stress by changing the individual’s perception of what are considered stressful. Sources: By David Fontana, D. (1989).Stress. From Managing Stress, The British Psychology Society and Routledge, Ldt Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/stress.htm Shwartz, M. (2007). Robert Sapolsky discusses physiological effects of stress. Stanford Report 2007 Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2007/march7/sapolskysr-030707.html Hennessy, D.W. et.al The Influence of Traffic Congestion, Daily Hassles, and Trait Stress Susceptibility on State Driver Stress: An Interactive Perspective Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:sS1BKtW4pwUJ:www.bellpub.com/jabr/2000/th000206.pdf+stress+from+traffic&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ph Heathfield,S.M.(2007).Understanding Stress and Workplace Stress. Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from http://humanresources.about.com/od/stressandtimemanagement/a/stress_time.htm Zuck, M.V. (2002).General Adaptation Syndrome. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Published December, 2002 by the Gale Group Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/general_adaptation_syndrome.jsp Bambrick, L. (2006). The Yerkes-whatzy law of who now? Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from http://secretgeek.net/ydlaw.asp Rahim, MA (1995).A comparative study of entrepreneurs and managers: stress, burnout, locus of control, and social support. J Health Hum Serv Adm. 1995 Summer;18(1):68-89. Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10152341&dopt=Abstract Jain, V.K., et.al. (1996). Effects of locus of control, occupational stress, and psychological distress on job satisfaction among nurses. Psychol Rep. 1996 Jun;78(3 Pt 2):1256-8. Retrieved on June 6, 2007 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8816047&dopt=Abstract Behson, S.J.Informal Work Accommodations to Family: A Potential Coping Strategy for Reducing the Stress Associated with Work-Family Conflict among Professional Employees. Retrieved on June 6, 2007 from http://www.chrms.org/library/informal/inform1a.htm         

Becoming A Licensed Clinical Social Worker - 1192 Words

With a master s level education in social work, I see myself envisioning clients’ health and well-being. As a student, I will study and practice techniques, beyond a generalist perspective, that will allow me to give clients hope and the ability to see something greater than what they are facing. Upon completion of a Master of Social Work direct practice degree and certificates in gerontology and mental health programs, I intend to become a licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I will competently incorporate specialized skills in different professional settings while developing my knowledge of a wide range of social issues and professional standards. With commitment, I wish to develop skills that will enable me to create or find hidden resources and services for my future clients, create platforms through counselling for victims of trauma. With a focus on the University of Pittsburgh’s MSW program, I anticipate a curriculum that will give me tools and unique procedures to analyze and understand clients’ different life situations. This program will provide me with the knowledge to evaluate and apply research methods. I will become more activity oriented to the prevention and alleviation of social problems. Upon completion of master degree, I would have demonstrated empathy along with a genuine desire to improve the quality of the lives of others. The University of Pittsburgh’s MSW program will not only offer a path ofShow MoreRelatedBecoming A Licensed Clinical Social Worker1243 Words   |  5 PagesMy aspiration is to become a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in the field of behavioral/mental health. How I ve acted toward this goal is by attending and graduating from Gateway Community College, so that I could transfer into Arizona State University (ASU) to pursue my Bachelor Degree in Social Work. My intentions in applying for the Advanced Standing Program in Direct Practice is to colla borate with future classmates and ASU faculty staff to demonstrate best practices in training and researchRead MoreBecoming A Licensed Clinical Social Worker And Provide Therapeutic Services At The Emerging Market Of Farr Certified Recovery Residences1381 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess. I want to be a part of empowering these individuals to put the pieces of their life back together. My future career objective is to become a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and provide therapeutic services in the emerging market of FARR certified recovery residences. I advocate the importance of recovery residences and want to bring clinical services to all levels to promote the health and well-being of individuals every step of the way on their journey through recovery. My ultimate careerRead MorePharmacists, Podiatrists, Clinical Social Workers Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagespercent of all workers in the industry. 76 percent of the healthcare organizations are formed by offices of dentists, physicians, and other health practitioners. The healthcare industry is designed to administer care 24 hours, respond to needs of patients, diagnose, and treat. The purpose of this industry is to combine the human touch with medical technology (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010). For this essay I chose a pharmacist, podiatrists, and a clinical social worker. These three professionsRead MoreHow to be a Great Social Worker1305 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Work is founded upon the ability to help others that are unable to help themselves or are in an injustice situation. Becoming a Social Worker requires a lot of schooling and on the job experience. The more training and experience that is achieved the higher up someone can get within the Social Working career. A Social Worker can work with a wide range of people and situations. Mainly Social Workers work with the oppressed, maltreated, or abused clients. Not all Social Workers are theRead MoreMental Health And Behavioral Issues Essay765 Words   |  4 PagesClinical Social Workers use a person-in-situation (also referred to as person-in-environment) viewpoint to treat mental health and behavioral issues. They may work with individuals, couples, families or other types of groups (Psychology and Counseling Group, n.d.). To become a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Florida, one must obtain a Master of Social Work degree from an accredited college or university, including clinical coursework, perform 100 supervised clinical hours post-degree, andRead MoreHuman Services Professional Case Study Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Services Professional Case Study BSHS 355 September 16, 2014 Human Services Professional Case Study In this paper, the role of a social worker will be addressed. 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Traveling for such an extensive period helped expand my consciousnessRead MoreMy Interview Of A Social Worker1587 Words   |  7 PagesMy Interview of a Social Worker According to the National Alliance on Mental Health , â€Å"1 in 5 children ages 13-18 have, or will have a serious mental illness† and â€Å"50% of all lifetime cases of mental illness begin by age 14 and 75% by age 24. Children are entering counseling and psychotherapeutic services at earlier ages than ever seen before. The role of social work has progressed from one of counseling to one that encompasses case management, discharge planning, psychotherapy, crisis interventionRead MoreThe Profession Of Social Work1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe profession of Social Work introduced itself to me at a very tender age. My personal interest in the social work field was solidified when I lived with my paternal aunt and her abusive ex-husband. At age 13, my traits of compassion, empathy and patience allowed me to mentor and guide my aunt when she was most vulnerable. For the past half decade, I have maintained a constant and consistent path to social work, with the hope to obtain my LCSW (licensed clinical social worker) and empower our mostRead MoreThe Human Services Field : An Interdisciplinary Knowledge Base1812 Words   |  8 PagesPsychologist, Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Occupational Therapist, Child Welfare Case Worker, Social Services Administrator, School Social Worker, Substance Abuse Counselor, Sociologist, Probation Officer and Grief Counselors. These are just some examples of the careers that the field of Human Services has to offer and there are many more that are not listed. Although the opportunities are endless I have decided to seek a career in the mental health field. Specifically, I want to be a Licensed Clinical

The Debate About Abortion And Abortion - 1709 Words

The practice of abortion is an issue that has sparked controversy for many years. One of the initial problems that lead to the debate about abortion is the fact that, the definition of the term abortion varies from one field to another. The controversy arises because the language used to describe abortion â€Å"is a reflection of the societal beliefs of the people in that area† (McFarlane Meier 65). Generally, the World Health Organization defines abortion as induced or spontaneous termination of pregnancy before the fetus is due for birth. The issue of abortion causes a two-sided divide where those who support cite the reason for their support as the mother of the fetus should have a right to choose what happens and does not happen to their†¦show more content†¦Finally, I will present an argument that shows that banning of abortion as it is; without first removing ambiguity in its definition and also clearly stating the parameters for its indulgences will be unethic al. According to McFarlane Meier (65), â€Å"the concept of abortion dates back to 500A.D among the Greeks and Egyptians and as early as then†, abortion presented a moral dilemma to the people who were at logger s heads as to when a fetus becomes a human being with its rights. The issue of pregnancy is dependent on some external factors that may also affect one s decision on whether to undertake an abortion or not. Some of these factors may include; a woman s age, her economic status, circumstances under which she got pregnant and her cultural background. For instance, a woman who has already finished school and has a job and comes from a more liberal or western culture is more likely to keep a pregnancy that she had not planned for unlike her counterpart who faces the opposite of the situation. The concept of abortion gained momentum in the 1960s during the first wave of feminism. During this time, women were fighting for the right to decide whether or not they should get pregn ant. In 1973, the law took a new turn in regards to abortion after the case of Roe v, Wade. Jane Roe won a lawsuit against the state of Texas after she was gangShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Abortion Debate1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are few issues that can cause as many heated and sometimes, irrational, debates than that of abortion. The issue strikes at the very heart of an individuals religious and philosophical beliefs. Does a woman have the right to terminate a pregnancy? Is it moral to do so in any circumstance? Is a fetus a living human being? The debate has raged for nearly thirty years and there does not seem to be any end to the controversy that often results in violence. Irrational individualsRead MoreEssay about The Abortion Debate706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Abortion Debate There are all kinds of people in the world, and we all have different opinions. In this report I am discussing abortion. You will read about the pros and cons of this subject. Some people think that abortion is wrong; they think that abortion is the killing of innocent children. Other people believe that the unborn child is not actually a human until it takes its first breath of air. Many people think that having an abortion is in a way, murderRead MoreAbortion And The Second Presidential Debate Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pageshave chosen to write about abortion and its role in the third presidential debate of 2016. To begin, we need to understand abortion and how it is received in the United States before we try to understand how the current candidates addressed abortion. Abortion has been a hot button topic in the United States since Roe vs. Wade in 1973 when criminalizing abortion was considered unconstitutional under the Due Process clause of the 14th amendment. 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The conflict between two sides of abortion has occurred ever since 1960s and early 1970s due to Roe v. Wade case. â€Å"In Roe v. Wade (1973), the U.S. Supreme Court stated that abortion bans were unconstitutional in every state, legalizing abortion throughoutRead MoreAbortion : Legal Or Illegal?953 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Legal or Illegal? To this day, the debate on whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans. The name of this article is, â€Å"Should Abortion be Legal?† written by ProCon.org. Pro-choice and pro-life are the two opposing sides. Pro-choice is the pro-abortion group, and pro-life is the anti-abortion group. The two sides disagree about whether the rights of the woman or the fetus are more important, and they also disagree about the impacts on women’s health and on societyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion771 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is one of the biggest controversial debates in society. 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A significant part of the population, called pro-life, consider abortion a s murdering a living child and hence, are against abortion. Another group of people, called pro-choice, believe that the parents, particularly women, have the choice to do anything with their body and have the right to decide whether or not to keep the child. They may

The Conceptual Boundaries Of Descartes Essay - 2181 Words

Introduction This paper examines the conceptual boundaries that Descartes established that define what he determined to be the human mind. These conceptual boundaries are relatively high in character ensuring that, according to Descartes, there exists a firm line between what determines a human mind versus a purely physical entity such as an animal. However, this examination extends the argument further into the realm of mechanical entities as well as artificial intelligence (AI). The analysis is meant to determine if contemporary technology has managed to achieve or surpass the arbitrary standards established by Descartes vis-à  -vis what constitutes a mind or soul. The argument, in this instance, is that contemporary technology has developed what Descartes would have classified as a mind in the form of AI, which exceeds Descartes’ minimum standards. Descartes’ Demarcation The metaphorical line that Descartes establishes that determines the division between what constitutes a human mind from a non-human entity is quite clear. Descartes expends considerable effort in explaining that the human mind is, above all, self-aware. For instance, in the course lectures it is noted that Descartes believes that when an entity, primarily a person, asserts that it exists to itself, then this in and of itself establishes a precedence of mind (Descartes’, 2016, p.19). Such a precedent demonstrates a fundamental belief about oneself that rises above external observation butShow MoreRelatedBarbara Kruger : Art History Archive1398 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Art History Archive, Barbara Kruger is an American conceptual artist born in Newark, New Jersey in 1945. She attended Syracuse University in 1964 where her interests in graphic design, poetry, and writing developed. 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Perhaps the main reason for this extreme disparity is the complexity of integrating logistics operations between ï ¬ rms as well as within ï ¬ rm boundaries while bringing to bear appropriate information technologies. Successful supply chain management requires eï ¬â‚¬ective management of strategic alliances (Monczka et al., 1998; Whipple and Frankel, 2000) as well as extensive data management capabilities

Determining Activation Energy Free Essays

Activation energy of a reaction Mengyuan Wu IB Chem HL Richard Forster March 20, 2013 Introduction: In this experiment, a reduction of peroxodisulphate (VI) ions by iodine ions is investigated. Solution of 10cm3 of K2S2O8, potassium peroxodisulphate, represented as ‘Solution A’. Mixture of 5cm3 of KI (Potassium iodide solution), and 5 cm3 of Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulphate solution), and 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Determining Activation Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now 5cm3 of starch solution is considered as ‘Solution B’. Solution A and B are mixed together under different temperatures to show a â€Å"clock† reaction. Observation: Table 1: Raw Quantitative Data of Temperature and Time from the Experiment Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| Temperature of Solution A ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Temperature of Solution B ( °C ±0. 5 °C)| Time Taken| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 30| 31. 0| 31. 0| 3:10:34| 191| 35| 36. 0| 33. 5| 2:11:83| 132| 40| 40. 0| 38. 0| 1:37:24| 97| 45| 46. 0| 45. 5| 1:12:83| 73| 50| 51. 0| 51. 0| 0:52:40| 53| Qualitative: Before: Solution A: clear colorless solutions; Solution B: clear colorless solution During: Both solution A and B reached (or close to) a fixed temperature and mixed together form a clear colorless solution reaction time: one or few section of the solution turned clear light purple opaque purple, then the section expand to the entire solution speedily within a second the purple opaque solution gradually turn to a darker purple color After: Dark purple-black colored opaque solution Processing and Presenting Data: Table 2: Uncertainty of the Apparatus Used in the Experiment Equipment| Uncertainty| Explanation| Stopwatch| Seconds ±1 second| The actual uncertainty of the stopwatch is millisecond, shown in the column ‘Time Taken’ in Table 1. However, there are human reaction uncertainties when receiving the change in color in the actual experiment, so that particular uncertainty is presented by  ±1 second| 50cm3 Burette for K2S2O8, KI, and Na2S2O3| cm3 ±0. 02cm30. 02% for each solution| Initial Reading ( ±0. 1cm3) + Final reading ( ±0. 1cm3) = volume used ( ±0. cm3) for every solution measured in mixture A or B| 10mL Measuring Cylinder for starch solution| mL ±0. 2mL| | Thermometer|  °C ±1. 0 °C| Mixture A and B both have separate (but relatively close) temperature with uncertainty of  ±0. 5 °C each, after the average of the two the uncertainty doubles| Table 3: Processed date for temperature and time Average Temperature of the reaction ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| P roceed Temperature (K ±1. 0K)| Time Proceeded (seconds ±1 seconds)| 31. 0| 304. 0| 191| 35. 0| 308. 0| 132| 39. 0| 312. 0| 97| 46. 0| 319. 0| 73| 51. 0| 324. 0| 53| Table 4: Processed data for Graphing ln 1t (3 sig fig)| 1T (K)(4 sig fig)| -5. 25| 0. 003289| -4. 88| 0. 003246| -4. 57| 0. 003205| -4. 29| 0. 003134| -3. 97| 0. 003086| ln 1t=lnK (Proportional) t= Time T= Temperature (in K) Graph1: Calculation: Values: Table 4: Calculation to Process Temperature: | | Calculation 1: Average Temperature ( °C ±1. 0 °C)| Calculation 2: Temperature in K (K ±1. 0K)| | Formula| Temp. of A+Temp. of B2| Temp. in  °C+273| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| 31. 0+31. 02=31. 0| 31. 0+273=304. 0| | 35| 36. 0+33. 52=34. 75? 35. 0| 35. +273=308. 0| | 40| 40. 0+38. 02=39. 0| 39. 0+273=312. 0| | 45| 46. 0+45. 52=45. 75? 46. 0| 46. 0+273=319. 0| | 50| 51. 0+51. 02=51. 0| 51. 0+273=324. 0| Table 5: Calculation for Graphing Data | Calculation 3:ln 1t| Calculation 4:1T(K)| Fixed / Ideal Temperature ( °C)| 30| ln1191? -5. 25| 1304? 0. 003289| | 35| ln1132? -4. 88| 1308? 0. 003246| | 40| ln197? -4. 57| 1312? 0. 003205| | 45| ln173? -4. 29| 1319? 0. 003134| | 50| ln153? -3. 97| 1324? 0. 003086| Calculation 5 (Activation Energy): lnk= -EaR ? 1T+lnA y = m(slope) x + c R=8. 314 Jmol-1K-1(Diploma) Data from Graph 1: y = -6045. 3x + 14. 705 -6045. 3 = -EaR Ea=8. 314 ? 6045. 3 =50260. 6242 J =50. 2606242 KJ Random Errors: Calculation 6: (%Random Error for Average Temperature of the Reaction) Average temperature of the reaction K  ± 1. 0 K (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1. 0304. 0+1. 0308. 0+1. 0312. 0+1. 0319. 0+1. 0324. 0? 100 ? 1. 596% Calculation 7: (%Random Error for Time) Time Taken Seconds  ± 1 Second (estimated human reaction time) (Refer to Table 2) % Error=1191+1132+197+173+153? 100? 5. 569% Calculation 8: (% Random Error for Solutions) Random Error for K2S2O8+KI+ Na2S2O3+Starch 0. 02%? 3+0. 22. 5? 100 ? 8. 06% Calculation 8: (Total % Random Error) % Error=1. 596%+5. 569%+8. 06% =15. 225%=20% (one sig. fig. ) Final Answer: Calculation 9: (Final Answer) 50. 2606242 KJ  ±20% 50. 2606242 KJ =50. 3 KJ (3 sig. fig. smallest sig. fig. in calculation) 50. 2606242 KJ? 0. 2? 10. 052 KJ=10KJ (one sig. fig. ) Experimental Result: 50. 3 KJ  ±10KJ 50. 3 KJ  ±20% Work Cited: Di ploma Programme Chemistry Data Booklet. 2nd ed. Cardiff: International Baccalaureate Organization, 2008. 6. Print. How to cite Determining Activation Energy, Essay examples

Cerebral Oedema in Paediatric Patients-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cerebral Oedema in Paediatric Patients. Answer: Cerebral Oedema Cerebral oedema is a condition which is life threatening which develops from an inflammatory reaction. In this condition there is an excess accumulation of fluid in the spaces of brain. Its symptoms include vomiting, nausea, difficulty in vision, unconsciousness and in extreme cases it may cause coma. In this condition the cerebrospinal fluid breaks down the barrier and starts to accumulate in the brain. The alteration in the metabolism cause brain cells to hold on the fluid the dilute the blood plasma causing the excessive water to accumulate in the brain (Watts Edge, 2014). The treatment of cerebral oedema includes these following ways: Osmotherapy by Mannitol Diuretics used to decrease the fluid volume Corticosteroids for suppressing the immune system Using of hypertonic saline solution Elevation of bed head Surgical decompression. Here in this assignment there is a description about two of those strategies and given point to discuss about the treatments: A description, rationale and evidence to support the treatment strategy. Goals and complications of the treatment. Considerations and implications for nursing practice Treatment strategies for cerebral oedema Giving of IV Mannitol / 3%hypertomic solution to patient with Cerebral Oedema before the happening of respiratory failure. Description, rationale and evidence The most fast and effective way to decreasing fluid from brain is osmotic therapy. Mannitol is the most used osmotic agent which decreases intra cranial pressure and increases CBF. Mannitol decreases the volume of brain by reducing the fluid content of the brain. Mannitol also improves the cerebral perfusion by reducing the viscosity and altering the red blood cell Rheology. It is also used to protect from the effects of the biochemical injury (Scott, et al. 2013). There are some evidences that proves that low dose of Mannitol is effective which is having less chance of hyper-osmolar problems, that is caused by high-dose therapy. At first 1.0g/kg dose of mannitol is given, later it was increased and 50g is given after every 2-3 hours. Goals and complications of the treatment The use of mannitol is aimed for plasma osmolality along with the maintenance of the volume of plasma. But prolonged use may cause an electrolyte imbalance in the human body. If high doses of Mannitol is are infused in the patients with renal failure then Mannitol if retained in the blood (Stokum, Gerzanich, Simard, 2016). This statement is proved by a study of 45 patients who were treated with Mannitol for many days. It was found that only one patient was detected with potassium more than normal and 22 patients developed hypokalemia that is potassium content in serum low than the range (Garcia et al. 2014). Implications of mannitol Mannitol decreases blood viscosity, CBF unchanged while Cerebral Blood volume (CBV) and Intracranial Pressure (ICP) decrease. Mannitol also reduces ICP by reducing cerebral parenchymal cell water, total effect takes 20-30min. Eventually Mannitol enters Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and increases ICP. 3% hypertonic solution Hypertonic saline is a solution contains sodium chloride (NaCl). The most common preparations used are 2%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 23% NaCl. HTS plays an important role for the prevention and treatment of the effects of effects of brain oedema (Doyle et al., 2001). Goal and complications The 3% HTS is mainly used for decreasing the intracranial pressure (ICP) by releasing excess fluid from brain. It is further associated by inducing of osmotic agents intravenously which increases the osmosis of serum. This results in the shrinkage of brain that effectively reduces intracranial pressure. The continuous infusion of 3% HTS can cause rebounding in oedema. It also causes the disruption of blood-brain barrier which happens due to the shrinkage of the endothelial cells. The continuous infusion of 7.5% saline solution leads to excessive neuron death Implications Blood is a hypertonic solution that contains higher sodium concentration whether cerebral tissue, has a lower sodium concentration. The flow of excess water from cerebral tissue set up an osmotic gradient from cerebral tissue to the blood. Osmosis is cause by the movement of water through the concentration gradient passively. In this process the water moves from lower level to the areas of higher cncengtration (Feig McCurdy, 1977). Elevation of bed head Description, rationale and evidence The elevation of the head of bed (HOB) to a semi-CBV recumbent position (at least 30 degrees) is associated with a decreased incidence cerebral oedema. The intervention is supported clinical guidelines, and the publications in the field accept HOB elevation as an effective, low-cost, and low-risk intervention (Schallom et al., 2015). The elevation of bed head technique is the frequently used technique for cerebral oedema it is used to minimize the venous outflow. Evidences show that with the help of elevation of the bed head to 30, there is a reduction in ICP without any changes occurring in CPP or CBF. When the head is elevated the blood pressure from the head is lowered which is the safest for most of the patients. Goals and complications of the treatment Elevation of the bed head technology is an effective method for reducing oedema. Studies suggested that the semi horizontal position of lying decreases blood pressure from the brain. The elevation of the bed head to 30 helps in improving the jugular venous outflow and lowering the ICP. In the patients suffering from hypovolaemia, this process will help in reducing the blood pressure and a complete diminishing of cerebral perfusion pressure (DeCourcey et al., 2013). It has been reviewed that nine RCTs and two studies to evaluate the role of body positioning on the elevated bed head. There is a review which summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors associated with cerebral oedema and provide evidence-based recommendations for preventions. Review recommends the use of continuous backrest elevation of 3045 degrees as an early prevention measure for cerebral oedema in the emergency department. Implications of bed head elevation Head bed elevation might prevent the chances of spreading of infection in the brain by elevating the head of the bed. The semi-recumbent position is the best method to prevent the cerebral oedema in extremely ill adult patients who requires mechanical support ventilation. It has been also investigated that 30 is the best angle of elevation of bed head in a semi-recumbent position. There are evidences from eight studies involving 759 participants demonstrated that a semi-recumbent (30 to 60) position reduced clinically suspected cerebral oedema by 25.7% when compared to a 0 to 10 supine position (Pool et al., 2015). Oxygen mask Description, rationale and evidence A non-rebreathing mask is having three unidirectional valves. One valve is located on each side of the mask to permit the ventilation of the exhaled gases. The third unidirectional valve is situated between the mask and the reservoir bag and prevents exhaled gases from entering the bag. Evidences show that, patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure were treated in the emergency department first with a non-rebreathing mask. Goals and complications Its aim is to enable the delivery of high concentrations of oxygen and is recommended for use in patients who are critically ill. Complications Dry gas may have different side effects on the respiratory system. Breathing of dry air cause excessive water loss by the nasal mucosa, which might reduce the nasal mucoclliary clearance rate or adhesiveness of nasal mucus and/or slowing of ciliary pulses. Implications During inspiration the use of the oxygen reservoir bag prevents the oxygen loss which helps to increase the oxygen concentration. It is important to make sure that the amount of oxygen flow rate is maintained so that oxygen reservoir bag does not collapse during inspiration. Some non-rebreathing masks are made up of elasticated ear loop bands. These masks are mainly used for trauma patients as they dont need to move the head References Nissenson, A. R., Weston, R. E., Kleeman, C. R.. Mannitol. Western Journal of Medicine, 131(4), 277. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1271822/pdf/westjmed00242-0017.pdf Picetti, E., Iaccarino, C., Servadei, F. (2017). Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Fourth Edition. Neurosurgery, nyx086. https://braintrauma.org/uploads/07/04/Guidelines_for_the_Management_of_Severe_Traumatic.97250__2_.pdf Peng, Y., Liu, X., Wang, A., Han, R. (2014). The effect of mannitol on intraoperative brain relaxation in patients undergoing supratentorial tumor surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 15(1), 165. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4018619/ Yildizdas, D., Altunbasak, S., Celik, U., Herguner, O. (2016). Hypertonic saline treatment in children with cerebral edema. Indian pediatrics, 43(9), 771-779. https://medind.nic.in/ibv/t06/i9/ibvt06i9p771.pdf Mangat, H. S., Chiu, Y. L., Gerber, L. M., Alimi, M., Ghajar, J., Hrtl, R. (2015). Hypertonic saline reduces cumulative and daily intracranial pressure burdens after severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurosurgery, 122(1), 202-210. https://thejns.org/doi/pdf/10.3171/2014.10.JNS132545 Kukreti, V., Mohseni-Bod, H., Drake, J. (2014). Management of raised intracranial pressure in children with traumatic brain injury. Journal of pediatric neurosciences, 9(3), 207. https://medind.nic.in/icb/t10/i12/icbt10i12p1409.pdf Schallom, M., Dykeman, B., Metheny, N., Kirby, J., Pierce, J. (2015). Head-of-bed elevation and early outcomes of gastric reflux, aspiration and pressure ulcers: a feasibility study. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(1), 57-66. https://www.aacn.org/docs/cemedia/A152401.pdf Shahriari, A., Khooshideh, M., Heidari, M. (2014). Diseases treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy; a literature review. Medical Hypothesis, Discovery Innovation Interdisciplinary Sciences Journal, 1(1). file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/153-230-1-SM.pdf